<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">51047</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2026-18-2-211-223</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WDNNLC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>East and West: contacts and contradictions</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Восток-Запад: контакты и противоречия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of the formation of the EU foreign policy strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности формирования внешнеполитической стратегии ЕС в отношении Африки южнее Сахары</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-7629</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5680-4049</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkina</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкина</surname><given-names>Наталья Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD of historical science, Associate Professor, the Department of International Relations Theory and History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент, кафедра теории и истории международных отношений</p></bio><email>ivkina-nv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7755-8095</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8484-2197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudorgin</surname><given-names>Aleksei E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судоргин</surname><given-names>Алексей Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, the Department of International Relations Theory and History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант 3 года обучения, кафедра теории и истории международных отношений, факультет гуманитарных и социальных наук</p></bio><email>aleksei_sudorgin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>211</fpage><lpage>223</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ivkina N.V., Sudorgin A.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Ивкина Н.В., Судоргин А.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivkina N.V., Sudorgin A.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивкина Н.В., Судоргин А.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51047">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51047</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relevance of the topic is driven by the heightened attention that developed countries are paying to Sub-Saharan Africa. In conditions of geopolitical and economic uncertainty, global leaders seek to build relationships with Africa that are advantageous to themselves, actively incorporating this vector into their foreign-policy strategies. One of the major players in this new "scramble for Africa" is the European Union (EU), which, from the beginning of the formation of this economic and political association, has paid attention to the development problems of African regions. However, this issue has received insufficient attention in Russian historiography. Accordingly, the aim of the study is to determine the place and role of Africa in the EU's foreign-policy strategy. The study employs the principle of historicism, systems analysis, and analysis of the texts of foreign-policy doctrinal documents and official publications of the EU in order to identify the contradictory path of relationship formation between the parties and the key prerequisites for incorporating Africa into the EU's foreign policy. The article also proposes to analyze the role of the European Union in the development of the new "scramble for Africa" and attempts at neocolonialism. The study concludes by identifying the reasons that prompted the EU to join the "scramble for Africa" and the efforts the Union has made to address the stated problems.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Повышенное внимание развитых стран к Африке южнее Сахары обосновывает актуальность темы. В условиях геополитической и экономической неопределенности мировые лидеры стремятся выстроить выгодные для себя отношения с Африкой, активно включая данное направление во внешнеполитические стратегии. Одним из значимых игроков в этой новой «борьбе за Африку» является Европейский Союз (ЕС), который с начала своего формирования стал обращать внимание на проблемы развития африканских регионов, которым в российской историографии уделяется недостаточно внимания. Цель исследования - определить место и роль Африки во внешнеполитической стратегии ЕС. Предполагается изучить роль ЕС в развитии новой «борьбы за Африку» - попытки неоколониализма. Сделан вывод: причины, побудившие ЕС включиться в «борьбу за Африку», зиждутся одновременно на внешних и внутренних потребностях - проблемах безопасности, доступа к ресурсам и сохранении политического влияния в регионе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>postcolonial approaches</kwd><kwd>Pan-Africanism</kwd><kwd>EU Common Foreign and Security Policy</kwd><kwd>ACP</kwd><kwd>summit diplomacy</kwd><kwd>Scramble for Africa</kwd><kwd>Sahel</kwd><kwd>Horn of Africa</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>постколониальные подходы</kwd><kwd>панафриканизм</kwd><kwd>общая внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>политика безопасности ЕС</kwd><kwd>АКТ</kwd><kwd>саммитовая дипломатия</kwd><kwd>борьба за Африку</kwd><kwd>Сахель</kwd><kwd>Африканский Рог</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova IO, Fituni LL. Ways to increase the effectiveness of Russia’s African strategy under the crisis of the existing world order. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2022;92(9):837–848. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086958732209002X EDN: YUNXKS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова И.О., Фитуни Л.Л. Пути повышения эффективности африканской стратегии России в условиях кризиса существующего миропорядка // Вестник Российской академии наук. 2022. Т. 92. № 9. C. 837–848. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086958732209002X EDN: YUNXKS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova IO, ed. Africa: Colonizers’ Unpaid Debt. Moscow: Institute for African Studies of the RAS; 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Африка: неоплаченный долг колонизаторов : монография / отв. ред. И.О. Абрамова. М. : Институт Африки РАН, 2023. 122 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sem-Festus ChE. The African Renaissance as a paradigm for the development of modern African philosophy [Dissertation]. Moscow; 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сэм-Фестус Ч.Е. Африканское Возрождение как парадигма развития современной африканской философии : дис. … канд. фил. наук. М., 2020. 170 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzdalina YuL. Conceptual foundations of relations between the European Union and sub-Saharan African countries in the context of the European security strategy. In Afrika: osnovaniya dlya novogo starta. Moscow: RUDN; 2011. Рp. 86–102. (In Russ.). EDN: TPALWH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буздалина Ю.Л. Концептуальные основы взаимоотношений Европейского союза и африканских стран южнее Сахары в контексте европейской стратегии безопасности // Африка: основания для нового старта : сб. статей. М. : РУДН, 2011. C. 86–102. EDN: TPAMOT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leuffen D, Rittberger B, Schimmelfennig F. Integration and Differentiation in the European Union. Theory and Policies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leuffen D., Rittberger B., Schimmelfennig F. Integration and Differentiation in the European Union. Theory and Policies. Cham : Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. 440 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korovnikova NA. Theoretical dimension of international integration: European perspective. Social Novelties and Social Sciences. 2023;3(3):12–33. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31249/snsn/2023.03.01 EDN: IBTVWO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коровникова Н.А. Теоретическое измерение международной интеграции: европейский ракурс // Социальные новации и социальные науки. 2023. № 3 (12). С. 12–33. https://doi.org/10.31249/snsn/2023.03.01 EDN: IBTVWO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivkina NV. Germany’s position on the Greek-Turkish dispute: intergovernmentalism vs. neofunctionalism. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations. 2021;21(3);487–497. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086958732209002X EDN: YUNXKS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивкина Н.В. Позиция Германии по греко-турецкому спору: интерговернментализм vs. неофункционализм // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2021. Т. 21. № 3. C. 487–497. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-487-497 EDN: LTHRNW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zielonka J, ed. Paradoxes of European foreign policy. The Hague: Kluwer Law International; 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradoxes of European foreign policy / ed. by J. Zielonka. The Hague : Kluwer Law International, 2023. 181 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivkina NV, Loshkarev ID. The problem of forming the EU’s defense identity: the peacekeeping experience in Africa. East. Afro-Asian Societies: History and Modernity. 2023;(5);81–91. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086919080027280-5 EDN: IEWZFD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивкина Н.В., Лошкарёв И.Д. Проблема формирования оборонной идентичности ЕС: опыт миротворчества в Африке // Восток. Афро-азиатские общества: история и современность. 2023. № 5. C. 81–91. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086919080027280-5 EDN: IEWZFD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinkle LE, Schiff M. Economic partnership agreements between Sub‐Saharan Africa and the EU: a development perspective. World Economy. 2004;27(9):1321–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0378-5920.2004.00654.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinkle L.E., Schiff M. Economic partnership agreements between Sub-Saharan Africa and the EU: a development perspective // World Economy. 2004. Vol. 27. № 9. P. 1321–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0378-5920.2004.00654.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulkova OS. EU-Africa: new dilemmas and prospects for cooperation in the world of post-crisis recovery. The European Union: Facts and Comments. 2021;(104):113–118. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15211/eufacts22021113118 EDN: LWYXFS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулькова О.С. ЕС-Африка: новые дилеммы и перспективы сотрудничества в мире постковидного восстановления // Европейский Союз: факты и комментарии. 2021. № 104. C. 113–118. https://doi.org/10.15211/eufacts22021113118 EDN: LWYXFS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Şahin S, Şahin MO. African missions of the European Union in the context of security strategy. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy. 2023;8(2):31–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Şahin S., Şahin M.O. African missions of the European Union in the context of security strategy // Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy. 2023. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 31–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">János T. Operation “Artemis”: the first autonomous EU-led operation. AARMS — Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science. 2015;14(1):121–132. https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.1.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">János T. Operation “Artemis”: the first autonomous EU-led operation // AARMS — Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science. 2015. Vol. 14. № 1. P. 121–132. https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.1.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Homan K. Operation Artemis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In European Commission: Faster and more united? The debate about Europe’s crisis response capacity. Netherlands: European Communities; 2007, p. 151–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Homan K. Operation Artemis in the Democratic Republic of Congo // European Commission: Faster and more united? The debate about Europe's crisis response capacity. Netherlands : European Communities, 2007. P. 151–155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manners I. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2002;40(2):235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manners I. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? // JCMS: Journal of common market studies. 2002. Vol. 40. № 2. P. 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staeger U. Africa–EU relations and normative power Europe: a decolonial pan‐African critique. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2016;54(4):981–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staeger U. Africa–EU relations and normative power Europe: a decolonial pan-African critique // JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2016. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 981–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ewalefoh J. The New Scramble for Africa. In The Palgrave Handbook of Africa and the Changing Global Order. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2022, p. 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77481-3_15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ewalefoh J. The new scramble for Africa // The Palgrave Handbook of Africa and the Changing Global Order. Cham : Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. P. 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77481-3_15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mlambo VH, Masuku MM, Mthembu Z. The new scramble for Africa in a post-colonial era and the challenges of inclusive development: a semi-systematic literature review. Development Studies Research. 2024;11(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2024.2306387 EDN: YZMTDJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mlambo V.H., Masuku M.M., Mthembu Z. The new scramble for Africa in a post-colonial era and the challenges of inclusive development: a semi-systematic literature review // Development Studies Research. 2024. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2024.2306387 EDN: YZMTDJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nunn N. Understanding the long-run effects of Africa’s slave trades. The long economic and political shadow of history. Volume II. Africa and Asia. 2017;36–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nunn N. Understanding the long-run effects of Africa's slave trades // The long economic and political shadow of history. Volume II. Africa and Asia. 2017. P. 36–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
