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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">51045</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2026-18-2-186-200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WFJMWQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Antique world</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Античный мир</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Political metamorphoses in Asia Minor during the time of Cicero and Augustus, or how pirates and philosophers became tyrants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Политические метаморфозы в Малой Азии во времена Цицерона и Августа, или как пираты и философы становились тиранами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6075-9033</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9189-1625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gvozdeva</surname><given-names>Inna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гвоздева</surname><given-names>Инна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate professor, Department of History of the Ancient World, Faculty of Historical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории древнего мира, исторический факультет</p></bio><email>innagvozdeva44@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-5357</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8961-2880</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikishin</surname><given-names>Vladomir O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никишин</surname><given-names>Владимир Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate professor, Department of History of the Ancient World, Faculty of Historical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории древнего мира, исторический факультет</p></bio><email>cicero74@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>186</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Gvozdeva I.A., Nikishin V.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Гвоздева И.А., Никишин В.О.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gvozdeva I.A., Nikishin V.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гвоздева И.А., Никишин В.О.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51045">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51045</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The authors devoted their study to a topic that has remained relevant over the past several decades: piracy and its role in the military and political confrontation in the Roman Mediterranean in the first century BC. Firstly, at this time the last state formations of the Hellenistic world, such as the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, finally disappeared from the political map of the region, being absorbed by the world Roman Empire. Secondly, in Rome itself, the senatorial republic was replaced by autocracy in the form of the principate regime during the bloody civil wars, and what is commonly called the Roman Empire arose. And in these significant changes of a military-political nature, the "third force" - numerous pirate squadrons - played a significant role. The authors analyze the causes and consequences of the rise of Mediterranean piracy in the 1st century BC, as well as how the Roman authorities responded to this phenomenon: at first, they tried to ignore it, then they began to fight it - until 67 BC with varying success, and later they sometimes even attracted pirates to their side, using this "third force" in the political struggle. Here the authors turn to the historical realities of Roman Asia Minor, where during the specified period there were cases of seizure of power in individual cities and even regions by successful adventurers, among whom were found not only pirates, such as Zeniketus, Tarcondimotus, Antipater and Cleon, but also representatives of quite peaceful professions, such as, for example, the Epicurean philosopher Lysias. All these episodes were evidence of the political instability that accompanied the dramatic and painful transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тема пиратства и его роли в военно-политическом противостоянии на просторах Римского Средиземноморья в I в. до н.э. остается актуальной. Во-первых, в это время последние государственные образования эллинистического мира, такие как царства Селевкидов и Птолемеев, окончательно исчезли с политической карты региона, будучи поглощены мировой Римской державой. Во-вторых, в самом Риме на смену сенатской республике в ходе кровопролитных гражданских войн пришло единовластие в форме режима принципата и возникло то, что принято называть Римской империей. И в этих существенных переменах военно-политического характера свою немаловажную роль сыграла «третья сила» - многочисленные пиратские эскадры. В исследовании проанализированы причины и последствия такого феномена, как расцвет средиземноморского пиратства в I в. до н.э., а также то, как римские власти относились к этому явлению: сначала они старались его не замечать, потом начали с ним бороться: до 67 г. до н.э. с переменным успехом, а в дальнейшем иногда даже привлекали пиратов на свою сторону, используя эту «третью силу» в политической борьбе. Здесь авторы обращаются к историческим реалиям римской Малой Азии, где в указанный период были случаи захвата власти в отдельных городах и даже областях удачливыми авантюристами, среди которых попадались не только пираты, такие как Зеникет, Таркондимот, Антипатр и Клеон, но и представители вполне мирных профессий, как, например, философ-эпикуреец Лисий. Все эти эпизоды являлись свидетельствами той политической нестабильности, которая сопровождала драматический и болезненный переход от Римской республики к Римской империи.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cilicia</kwd><kwd>Seleucids</kwd><kwd>Mithridates VI Eupator</kwd><kwd>Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</kwd><kwd>Sextus Pompeius</kwd><kwd>Zeniketus</kwd><kwd>Tarcondimotus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Киликия</kwd><kwd>Селевкиды</kwd><kwd>Митридат VI Эвпатор</kwd><kwd>Гней Помпей Магн</kwd><kwd>Секст Помпей</kwd><kwd>Зеникет</kwd><kwd>Таркондимот</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramzon MG. Rimskoe vladychestvo na Vostoke: Rim i Kilikiya (II v. do n.eh. — 74 g. n.eh.) [Roman rule in the East: Rome and Cilicia (2nd century BC — 74 AD)]. Saint Peterburg: Akra, IC Gumanitarnaya Akademiya publ., 2005. (In Russ.). 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