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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">51042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2026-18-2-133-151</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WSFUVQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ideas and politics in history</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Идеи и политика в истории</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The heralds of the idea of a united ummah: the Muslim world in search of inter-regional cooperation at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Провозвестники идеи единой уммы: мусульманский мир в поисках межрегионального взаимодействия на рубеже XIX-XX вв.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-3715</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2492-5979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillina</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллина</surname><given-names>Светлана Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of D epartment of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>kirillina@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-3449</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6189-7121</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safronova</surname><given-names>Alexandra L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафронова</surname><given-names>Александра Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of D epartment of South Asian History, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой истории Южной Азии, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>alsafronova@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-5422</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6318-4102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлов</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor of the Department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>orlov@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>133</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51042">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/51042</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the study the authors examine the evolution of ideas about Muslim unity among traditional intellectuals of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The works and statements of Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Salih al-Sharif al-Tunisi (1869-1920) and Shibli Nomani (1857-1914) are used as examples. The weakening of the Ottoman State and the triumph of the colonial powers of Europe confronted Arab and Indian Muslim theologians with the need to rethink the call for unity inherent in the Islamic tradition. The new understanding of this problem by Muslim politicians has raised a wide range of discussions of both a political and cultural-civilizational nature. As a result, the gradual emergence of a trend towards country patriotism in the Islamic world exposed the risks of splitting Muslim societies and gave the colonial powers new opportunities to undermine the Ottoman statehood. Correlations have been revealed between the views of intellectuals of the Islamic world on the acceptability of modernizing everyday life, culture and the worldview of the population and their ideas about the possibility of preserving the Ottoman leadership system. The authors evaluate the effectiveness of the practical work of both reformers and traditionalists in supporting the achievements of the centuries-old Islamic political culture in the educational and propaganda spheres. The conducted research shows the diversity of reactions of country and regional elites to political challenges from European colonization, the Young Turk revolution of 1908-1909 and the subsequent collapse of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрена эволюция представлений о мусульманском единстве у традиционных интеллектуалов Ближнего Востока, Северной Африки и Южной Азии в конце XIX - начале XX в. В качестве примеров привлечены труды и высказывания Мухаммада Абдо (1849-1905), Салиха аш-Шарифа ат-Туниси (1869-1920) и Шибли Ноʻмани (1857-1914). Ослабление Османского государства и торжество колониальных держав Европы поставили арабских и индийских мусульманских богословов перед необходимостью заново осмыслить свойственный исламской традиции призыв к единению общины. Новое понимание этой проблемы мусульманскими политиками подняло широкий спектр дискуссий как политического, так и культурно-цивилизационного характера. В итоге постепенное зарождение в исламском мире тенденции к страновому патриотизму обнажило риски раскола мусульманских обществ и дало колониальным державам новые возможности для подрыва османской государственности. Выявлены корреляции между воззрениями интеллектуалов мира ислама на приемлемость модернизации быта, культуры и мировоззренческой картины населения и их представлениями о возможности сохранения османской системы руководства. Даны оценки действенности практической работы как реформаторов, так и традиционалистов по поддержке достижений многовековой исламской политической культуры в просветительской и пропагандистской сферах. Результаты свидетельствуют о разнообразии реакции страновых и региональных элит на политические вызовы со стороны европейской колонизации, младотурецкой революции 1908-1909 гг. и последующего крушения Османской империи в ходе Первой мировой войны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ottoman Empire</kwd><kwd>Revolution of Young Turks</kwd><kwd>World War I</kwd><kwd>Middle East</kwd><kwd>North Africa</kwd><kwd>South Asia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Османская империя</kwd><kwd>младотурецкая революция</kwd><kwd>Первая мировая война</kwd><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd><kwd>Северная Африка</kwd><kwd>Южная Азия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amin, Uthman. Raʼid al-­fikr al-­misri, al-­imam Muhammad Abduh [The pioneer of Egyptian thought, Imam Muhammad Abduh]. Cairo: Maktabat al-­nahda al-­misriyya; 1965. 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