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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2025-17-4-551-565</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JLVAZE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RELIGION AND CULTURE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕЛИГИЯ И КУЛЬТУРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Buddhist monuments in the Orkhon-Tuul region</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Буддийские памятники Орхоно-Туульского региона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5535-1982</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9333-5484</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatova</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатова</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research assistant, Department of Korea and Mongolia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь</p></bio><email>masaignatova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4031-5667</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9886-3550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitinov</surname><given-names>Baatr U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китинов</surname><given-names>Баатр Учаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor Habilitatus, Associates Professor, Senior research fellow, Department of History of East</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>kitinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Studies RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>551</fpage><lpage>565</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-03"><day>03</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Ignatova M.M., Kitinov B.U.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Игнатова М.М., Китинов Б.У.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ignatova M.M., Kitinov B.U.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Игнатова М.М., Китинов Б.У.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/47907">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/47907</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study deals with the historical and cultural development of the Orkhon-Tuul region, covering the period from the VIII to the XVII centuries, when three nationalities (Uyghurs, Khidans and Mongols) existed and interacted successively on the territory of modern Mongolia. Much attention is given to the archaeological monuments - the ruins of Ordubalyk (Khar Balgas) - the capital city of the Uyghur Kaganate, the Kidan settlements of Khar Bukhyn Balgas and Chin Tolgoi, as well as the XVII century Buddhist monastery built on the site of Khar Bukhyn Balgas. The study considers fortification elements, administrative and cult complexes of these structures, demonstrating the influence of different ethnic groups and religious traditions on the cultural landscape of the Orkhon Valley. It is specially noted about the role of Buddhism, which gradually strengthened its position from the Uighur period onwards, and finally established itself in Mongolia in the XVII century. Archaeological evidence and written legal sources confirm that the Orkhon-Tuul region was an important centre of cultural and economic exchange, where religion, urbanization and legal systems strongly influenced the development of the Uyghurs, Kidans and Mongols. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes of ethno-confessional interaction in central Mongolia and their influence on the formation of the cultural and historical image of the region.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование посвящено историко-культурному развитию Орхоно-Туульского региона в период с VIII по XVII вв. Основное внимание уделено археологическим памятникам - руинам столицы уйгурского каганата Ордубалык (Хар Балгас), киданьским городищам Хар Бухын Балгас и Чин-Толгой, а также буддийскому монастырю XVII в., построенному на месте Хар Бухын Балгаса. Рассмотрены фортификационные элементы, административные и культовые комплексы указанных памятников, демонстрирующие влияние различных этносов и религиозных традиций на культурный ландшафт Орхонской долины. Особое внимание уделено роли буддизма, который, начиная с уйгурского периода, постепенно укреплял свои позиции в Монголии. Археологические находки и письменные источники права подтверждают, что Орхоно-Туульский регион являлся важным центром культурного и экономического обмена, где религия, урбанизация и правовые системы оказывали сильное влияние на развитие уйгуров, киданей и монголов. Результаты исследования способствуют углубленному пониманию процессов этноконфессионального взаимодействия народов центральной Монголии и их влияния на формирование культурно-исторического облика региона.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ordu-Baliq</kwd><kwd>Khar Bukh Balgas</kwd><kwd>Chin-Tolgoi</kwd><kwd>Mongols</kwd><kwd>Uyghurs</kwd><kwd>Kidan</kwd><kwd>Buddhism</kwd><kwd>archaeology</kwd><kwd>legal documents</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Ордубалык</kwd><kwd>Хар Бухын Балгас</kwd><kwd>Чин-Толгой</kwd><kwd>монголы</kwd><kwd>уйгуры</kwd><kwd>кидани</kwd><kwd>буддизм</kwd><kwd>археология</kwd><kwd>правовые памятники</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bichurin NYa. Statisticheskoe opisanie Kitaiskoi imperii: v dvukh chastakh [Statistical Description of the Chinese Empire: In Two Parts]. 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