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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46290</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2025-17-3-381-401</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SJGAOA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPORTS IN ANTIQUITY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СПОРТ В АНТИЧНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Tertullian’s “On shows” in the context of Ancient and Christian literature of the first centuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«О зрелищах» Тертуллиана в контексте античной и христианской литературы первых веков новой эры</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-7980</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3687-3603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleev</surname><given-names>Aleksey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеев</surname><given-names>Алексей Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of History, Associate Professor of Department of History of Ancient Greece and Rome, Institute of History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории древней Греции и Рима, Институт истории</p></bio><email>a.panteleev@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-077X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6561-0509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponikarovskaya</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поникаровская</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of History, Academic Secretary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, ученый секретарь</p></bio><email>poni-marina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский филиал Архива Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Antiquity in the Mediterranean Region and pre-Columbian America</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Древность Средиземноморья и доколумбовой Америки</issue-title><fpage>381</fpage><lpage>401</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-04"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Panteleev A.D., Ponikarovskaya M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Пантелеев А.Д., Поникаровская М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panteleev A.D., Ponikarovskaya M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пантелеев А.Д., Поникаровская М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/46290">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/46290</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study observes the sources used by Tertullian during the writing of his essay “On the Spectacles” (the end of the 2nd century). This was the time of the domination of the Second Sophistic, where erudition, sophistication in rhetoric and adherence to classical models played a major role. All these elements are noticeable in this treatise. We consider “On the Spectacles” as part of the antique tradition, where it is possible to find a variety of assessments of competitions and performances. The study provides an outline of the critical remarks about the spectacles contained in the works of Greek and Roman authors, Rabbinic sages and Christian writers. Tertullian noted that he had used the material of the historians Timaeus, Calpurnius Piso, Varro and Suetonius. He mainly relied on the last two. In “On the Spectacles” one can also find parallels with the writings of Seneca and Pliny the Younger. Speaking of the Christian tradition, it is necessary to single out Tatian. Both of these authors pay special attention to the dedication of games to pagan gods, point out the moral insufficiency of performances and their participants, and resent gladiatorial games. We suppose that Tertullian was familiar with “Paedagogus”, written at the same time by Clement of Alexandria, partly agreeing with his arguments, partly challenging them, as in the case of the usefulness of the adversarial principle for Christians. Although some passages of “On the Spectacles” have similarities with Judaic writings, we assess their impact on Tertullian as improbable. The analysis of the used sources makes it possible to determine the circle of readers of this treatise as mostly wealthy and well-educated bearers of Roman culture, who knew both Latin and Greek. Despite being baptized, these people were in no hurry to give up their usual way of life. Tertullian struggled with this, to some extent resembling a Christian sophist.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследованы источники, использованные Тертуллианом при написании сочинения «О зрелищах» (кон. II в.). Это время господства Второй софистики, где главную роль играли эрудиция, изощренность в риторике и приверженность классическим образцам. Все эти элементы заметны в трактате «О зрелищах», рассмотренном как часть античной традиции, где можно встретить самые разные оценки состязаний и представлений. Дан очерк критических замечаний в адрес зрелищ, содержащихся в трудах греческих и римских авторов, иудейских законоучителей и христианских писателей. Отмечено, что Тертуллиан, по собственному его признанию, воспользовался материалом историков Тимея, Кальпурния Пизона, Варрона и Светония, и в основном он опирался на двух последних. Указано на параллели между трактатом и сочинениями Сенеки и Плиния Младшего. В отношении христианской традиции выделены общие подходы Тертуллиана и Татиана: оба обращают особое внимание на посвящение игр языческим богам, указывают на моральную недостаточность представлений и их участников, негодуют из-за гладиаторских игр. Высказано предположение о знакомстве Тертуллиана с написанным в то же время «Педагогом» Климента Александрийского, с рассуждениями которого Тертуллина отчасти соглашается, а отчасти оспаривает их, как в случае полезности состязательного начала для христиан. При сходстве некоторых пассажей «О зрелищах» с иудейскими сочинениями, их воздействие на Тертуллиана оценивается как маловероятное. Анализ использованных для написания трактата источников позволил определить круг его читателей как преимущественно обеспеченных и хорошо образованных носителей римской культуры, владевших и латынью, и греческим. Несмотря на принятое крещение, эти люди не спешили расставаться с привычным образом жизни, с чем боролся Тертуллиан, в какой-то степени уподобляясь христианскому софисту.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Roman Empire</kwd><kwd>early Christianity</kwd><kwd>Roman spectacles</kwd><kwd>Varro</kwd><kwd>Suetonius</kwd><kwd>Clement of Alexandria</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Римская империя</kwd><kwd>раннее христианство</kwd><kwd>римские зрелища</kwd><kwd>Варрон</kwd><kwd>Светоний</kwd><kwd>Климент Александрийский</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turcan M, editor. Tertullien. Les Spectacles (De spectaculis). Paris: CERF; 1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tertullien. Les Spectacles (De spectaculis) / Ed.M. Turcan. 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