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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46285</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2025-17-3-286-305</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TLAHSH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LAW AND POWER IN ANCIENT ROME</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВО И ВЛАСТЬ В ДРЕВНЕМ РИМЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bellum Parthicum of the emperor Trajan: a contest with the ghost of Alexander?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Bellum Parthicum императора Траяна: состязание с призраком Александра?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3612-0197</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5162-6287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfyonov</surname><given-names>Victor N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфенов</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of historical sciences, professor, professor of the Department of Church History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры церковной истории</p></bio><email>vparfenov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Саратовская православная духовная семинария</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Antiquity in the Mediterranean Region and pre-Columbian America</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Древность Средиземноморья и доколумбовой Америки</issue-title><fpage>286</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-04"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Parfyonov V.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Парфенов В.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Parfyonov V.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Парфенов В.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/46285">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/46285</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The last and largest campaign of Emperor Trajan, his Parthian War, is fraught with many mysteries for the researcher, which is primarily explained by the state of the source base. The purpose of the war, the plans of the parties, the sequence of events that unfolded, and Trajan’s further intentions after the unexpectedly easy capture of Armenia and Mesopotamia are unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify these issues to the extent that the available sources allow. The popular opinion is criticized that the emperor, planning and starting this war, took advantage of the plans of his predecessors and intended to repeat the eastern campaign of Alexander the Great. It is proved that the immediate goal of the war was the annexation of Armenia, the traditional “apple of discord” between Rome and Parthia. However, the exceptionally favorable situation due to the war between the pretenders to the Parthian throne allowed Trajan to transfer the fighting after the capture of Armenia to the territory of Mesopotamia. The last and largest campaign of Emperor Trajan, his Parthian War, is fraught with many mysteries for the researcher, which is primarily explained by the state of the source base. The purpose of the war, the plans of the parties, the sequence of events that unfolded, and Trajan’s further intentions after the unexpectedly easy capture of Armenia and Mesopotamia are unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify these issues to the extent that the available sources allow. The popular opinion is criticized that the emperor, planning and starting this war, took advantage of the plans of his predecessors and intended to repeat the eastern campaign of Alexander the Great. It is proved that the immediate goal of the war was the annexation of Armenia, the traditional “apple of discord” between Rome and Parthia. The situation that developed extremely favorably due to the war between the pretenders to the Parthian throne allowed Trajan to transfer the fighting after the capture of Armenia to the territory of Mesopotamia, capture the Parthian capital Ctesiphon and reach the coast of the Persian Gulf. Considering the war already won, the emperor did not intend to continue the land campaign to the East, as there were no necessary resources for this. Instead, Trajan was going to transfer the war to the sea and make a naval expedition to India, thereby surpassing the achievements of Alexander the Great. However, further developments forced him to abandon these plans.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Последняя и самая крупная кампания императора Траяна, его Парфянская война, таит немало загадок для исследователя, что объясняется в первую очередь состоянием источниковой базы. Неясны цель войны, планы сторон, последовательность развернувшихся событий, дальнейшие намерения Траяна после неожиданно легкого захвата Армении и Месопотамии. Цель исследования - ответить на эти вопросы в той степени, в какой это позволяют имеющиеся источники. Критикуется популярное мнение о том, что император, планируя и начиная эту войну, воспользовался планами своих предшественников и намеревался повторить восточный поход Александра Македонского. Доказано, что ближайшей целью войны была аннексия Армении - традиционного «яблока раздора» между Римом и Парфией. Исключительно выгодно сложившаяся из-за войны между претендентами на парфянский трон обстановка позволила Траяну перенести боевые действия после захвата Армении на территорию Месопотамии, захватить парфянскую столицу Ктесифон и выйти на побережье Персидского залива. Считая войну уже выигранной, император не был намерен продолжать сухопутный поход на Восток, так как для этого не было необходимых ресурсов. Вместо этого Траян собирался перенести войну на море и совершить морскую экспедицию в Индию, превзойдя тем самым достижения Александра Македонского. Однако дальнейшее развитие событий заставило его отказаться от этих замыслов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>war</kwd><kwd>optimus princeps</kwd><kwd>Alexander the Great</kwd><kwd>Parthia</kwd><kwd>Armenia</kwd><kwd>India</kwd><kwd>the navy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>война</kwd><kwd>optimus princeps</kwd><kwd>Александр Великий</kwd><kwd>Парфия</kwd><kwd>Армения</kwd><kwd>Индия</kwd><kwd>флот</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petit P. Histoire générale de l’Empire romain. 1. Le Haut-­Empire (27 av. J.-C. — 161 apr. J.-C.). Paris: Éditions du Seuil; 1974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petit P. Histoire générale de l’Empire romain. 1. 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