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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45065</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2025-17-2-137-158</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UMHRYU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ideas and politics in history</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Идеи и политика в истории</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The three faces of caliphatism: ideas of the caliphate among islamic thinkers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Три облика халифатизма: представления о халифате исламских мыслителей конца XIX - начала XX в.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-3715</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2492-5979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillina</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллина</surname><given-names>Светлана Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of Department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of A sian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>kirillina@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-3449</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6189-7121</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safronova</surname><given-names>Alexandra L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафронова</surname><given-names>Александра Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of Department of South Asian History, Institute of A sian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой истории Южной Азии, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>alsafronova@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-5422</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6318-4102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлов</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor of the Department of History of the Near and Middle East, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>orlov@iaas.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>137</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-16"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/45065">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/45065</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study undertakes a rigorous examination of the process of shaping the image of the caliphate and caliphal institutions in the central and peripheral regions of Islamic world in the late 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. To this end, it provides a look at specific examples of creative and political thought, drawing upon the works of prominent Muslim intellectuals and ideologists - Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi (1855-1902), Abd al-Aziz Javish (1876-1929) and Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958). The Ottoman Empire decline accompanied by successful colonization of Muslim lands by Europeans compelled Arab, Turkish, and Indian thinkers to refer to the Ottomans’ experience in the caliphal capacity. Discussions around the duties of the Caliph and conditions for his legitimacy raised a wide range of political, cultural, and philosophical issues. They revealed contradictions in the interpretation of unity within Muslim community (umma), on the question on whether the caliphate and the secular model of social development could coexist, and on the prospects of overcoming the dependence of Muslim peoples on foreign colonial powers. The study sheds light on generational and regional features in the way Muslim intellectual elite regarded the tasks and legitimacy of the rule of the last Ottoman sultans. It reveals historical arguments and ideological attitudes of those who supported and opposed the concept of the ‘Arab caliphate’ (‘caliphate of the Quraysh’), while the concept itself is evaluated in the light of geopolitical change that followed the Young Turk revolution of 1908-1909 and the Ottoman decline after the First World War. This study makes it possible to question the widespread view of caliphatism as a comparatively systematic, logically sound and non-evolving worldview system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На конкретных примерах творческих и политических подходов мусульманских интеллектуалов и идеологов: Абд ар-Рахмана ал-Кавакиби (1855-1902), Абд ал-Азиза Джавиша (1876-1929) и Абул Калама Азада (1888-1958) - рассматривается процесс складывания образа халифата и института халифской власти в центральных и периферийных районах исламского мира в конце XIX и первой трети XX в. Упадок османского государства и успешная колонизация мусульманских территорий заставили арабских, турецких и индийских мыслителей дать оценку опыту Османов в деле использования халифской власти. Дискуссии вокруг обязанностей халифа и условий легитимности его правления подняли широкий спектр проблем политико-культурного и философского свойства. Они проявили противоречия в трактовке признаков единства мусульманской общины ( уммы ), возможности сосуществования халифата и секулярной модели общественного развития, перспектив преодоления зависимости мусульманских народов от иноверных колониальных держав. Выявлены поколенческие и региональные особенности в понимании интеллектуальной элитой мусульман задач и степени законности правления последних османских султанов. Показаны исторические аргументы и идеологические установки сторонников и противников концепции «арабского халифата» («халифата курайшитов»). Дана оценка этой концепции в свете геополитических перемен, последовавших за младотурецкой революцией 1908-1909 гг. и ослаблением османских властных порядков после Первой мировой войны. Проведенное исследование позволяет поставить под сомнение распространенный тезис о халифатизме как сравнительно стройной, логически обоснованной и не подверженной заметной эволюции мировоззренческой системе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Revolution of Young Turks</kwd><kwd>World War I</kwd><kwd>Middle East</kwd><kwd>North Africa</kwd><kwd>South Asia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>младотурецкая революция</kwd><kwd>Первая мировая война</kwd><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd><kwd>Северная Африка</kwd><kwd>Южная Азия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ardıç N. Islam and the politics of secularism: the caliphate and Middle Eastern modernization in the early 20th century. 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