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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42213</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-4-463-473</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EQVRDE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Oriental Studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Trade relations between the Song and Jin Empires: smuggling against embargo</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Торговые отношения империй Сун и Цзинь: контрабанда против эмбарго</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-7702</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6126-0035</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglova</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглова</surname><given-names>Мария Семеновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>mashakruglova999@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for Linguistic Research of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт лингвистических исследований РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 16, NO4 (2024)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 16, №4 (2024)</issue-title><fpage>463</fpage><lpage>473</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Kruglova M.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Круглова М.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kruglova M.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Круглова М.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/42213">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/42213</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The growing socio-political interest to the northeastern territories of China in terms of the historical prerequisites for their economic and political connections with traditional China defines the scientific interest the article. The purpose of the presented study is to identify the main trade features between the Jurchen and the Chinese during the Song (960-1279) and Jin periods, with an emphasis on smuggling trade. The research literature mainly presents the political and military side of the relationship between the Song and Jin, emphasizing that trade between the two states was suppressed. However, trade played a fundamental role in the relations between the two empires. Due to the characteristics of the seminomadic economy, trade with neighboring states was one of the main conditions for the existence of the Jin Empire. The Jin Empire traded with its neighbors throughout its existence, but the Song Empire always remained its main trading partner. Based on such sources as Jin-shi, Song-shi and Song Huiyao Jigao, the main features of trade of the two empires, trade items, as well as factors that positively and negatively influenced trade relations between the two countries were identified. The main items of trade were horses, livestock products, tea, grain and salt. After the conquest of northern China by the Jin Empire and the beginning of its political confrontation with the Southern Song, the Southern Song government imposed a ban on trade with the Jurchens. The restrictions introduced stimulated the transition to mechanisms of informal trade exchange, and the role of smuggling transactions increased significantly.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность исследования обусловлена ростом общественно-политического интереса к северо-восточным территориям Китая в части исторических предпосылок их экономической и политической связи с традиционным Китаем. Цель исследования - выявление особенностей торговых взаимодействий чжурчжэней и китайцев в период империй Сун (960-1279 гг.) и Цзинь, в том числе контрабандной торговли. В научной литературе в основном представлена политическая и военная сторона отношений Сун и Цзинь, и говорится, что торговля между двумя государствами пресекалась. Однако на протяжении всего существования империй торговля играла основополагающую роль в их отношениях. В силу особенностей полукочевого хозяйства торговля с соседними государствами была одним из основных условий существования империи Цзинь, но основным торговым партнером всегда оставалась Империя Сун. На основе таких источников, как Цзинь-ши, Сун-ши и Сун Хуэйяо Цзигао, выявлены основные особенности торговли двух империй, предметы торговли, а также факторы, позитивно и негативно влиявшие на торговые отношения. Основными предметами торговли были лошади, продукты животноводства, чай, зерно и соль. После завоевания северного Китая империей Цзинь и начала ее политического противостояния с Южной Сун, правительство Южной Сун ввело запрет на торговлю с чжурчжэнями. Введенные ограничения стимулировали переход к механизмам неформального торгового обмена, значительно возросла роль контрабандных сделок.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Jurchen</kwd><kwd>medieval China</kwd><kwd>smuggling trade</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>чжурчжэни</kwd><kwd>средневековый Китай</kwd><kwd>контрабандная торговля</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation, project No. 23-18-00659, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-18-00659/, Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-18-00659 https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-00659/, ИЛИ РАН.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kychanov EI. 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