RUDN Journal of World HistoryRUDN Journal of World HistoryВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история2312-81272312-833XPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)4162010.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-3-384-414GOOGAMTHE HISTORY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAИСТОРИЯ ДОКОЛУМБОВОЙ АМЕРИКИResearch ArticleEarly State Formation in the Maya Lowlands in the Preclassic (1000 BCE - 150 CE)Формирование раннего государства у древних майя в доклассический период (I тыс. до н.э.)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-23024705-6569BeliaevDmitri D.БеляевДмитрий Дмитриевич

PHd (history), assistant professor, Knorozov center for Mesoamerican studies, faculty of history

кандидат исторических наук, доцент Мезоамериканского центра имени Ю.В. Кнорозова исторического факультета

lakamha@mail.ruRussian State University for the HumanitiesРоссийский государственный гуманитарный университет15112024163Legal and social life of ancient societiesПравовая и общественная жизнь древних обществ38441420112024Copyright ©; 2024, Beliaev D.D.Copyright ©; 2024, Беляев Д.Д.2024Beliaev D.D.Беляев Д.Д.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/41620

The emergence of the state was one of the crucial moments in human history. Ancient Mesoamerica was one of two main areas of the state formation in the New World in pre-Columbian epoch. Archaeological projects in the Maya Lowlands during last decades shed new light on the early stages of the Maya politogenesis in the Preclassic period. Recent trend in the study of Mesoamerican complex polities consists in defining them just as ‘kingdoms’ without specifying whether they were chiefdoms or states. At the same time some scholars suggest that urbanism and statehood could be identified already in the Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BCE). In the present paper basic traits of the evolution of the Preclassic Maya society will be outlined based on different types of data (settlement patterns, economy, social stratification, ritual and ideology). Archaeological data demonstrate that in beginning of the Late Preclassic (350/300 BCE - 200 CE) Maya societies transformed from chiefdoms with three-tiered settlement system, monumental architecture, and incipient urbanization to more complex polities characterized by four-tiered settlement hierarchies, early urban settlements with massive monumental architecture, and complex intensive agriculture. Analysis of the retrospective Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Classic period (200-900 CE) shows that in the Maya historical memory this time was remembered as the period of the foundation of the most ancient dynasties and polities, and the epoch of the establishing of the political order. The beginning of the process of the formation of the Maya early states could be dated between 350 and 200 BCE.

Возникновение ранних государств было одним из важнейших моментов в человеческой истории. В Новом Свете в доколумбову эпоху одним из двух регионов сложения государственности была Мезоамерика. Археологические проекты последних десятилетий в области майя позволили по-новому взглянуть на процесс политогенеза у древних майя в доклассический период (I тыс. до н.э. - начало I тыс. н.э.). В последнее время некоторые исследователи предлагают отказаться от типологизации сложных политий Мезоамерики как вождеств или государств и обозначают их просто как «царства». С другой стороны, появились работы, в которых предлагается искать урбанизм и государственность уже в среднюю доклассическую фазу (Х - сер. IV в. до н.э.). В данной работе будут выделены основные черты эволюции доклассического общества майя на основе комплексного изучения различных параметров (поселенческая организация, экономическая организация, социальная стратификация, риутал и идеология). Археологические данные свидетельствуют, что в начале поздней доклассической фазы (вторая половина IV в. до н.э. - первая половина III в. н.э.) общества майя трансформировались из вождеств, характеризующихся трехуровневой поселенческой иерархией, ритуальной архитектурой и зачаточной урбанизацией, в более сложные политии с четырехуровневой поселенческой иерархией, ранними городскими поселениями с масштабной монументальной архитектурой и развитым интенсивным земледелием. Анализ ретроспективных сообщений в иероглифических текстах классического периода (I тыс. н.э.) указывает, что в исторической памяти майя эти времена считались эпохой основания древнейших царских династий и возникновения существующего политического порядка. Начало процесса формирования ранних государств у древних майя следует датировать серединой IV - концом III вв. до н.э.

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