RUDN Journal of World HistoryRUDN Journal of World HistoryВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история2312-81272312-833XPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)4023910.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-2-125-141GBMSWREast and West: contacts and contradictionsВосток-Запад: контакты и противоречияResearch ArticleThe Idea of Caliphate in the Context of the World War I: Dialogue and Confrontation between East and WestИдея халифата в контексте Первой мировой войны: диалог и противостояние Востока и Западаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-37152492-5979KirillinaSvetlana A.КириллинаСветлана Алексеевна

doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies

доктор исторических наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки

kirillina@iaas.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-34496189-7121SafronovaAlexandra L.СафроноваАлександра Львовна

doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor, Head of department of South Asian History, Institute of Asian and African Studies

доктор исторических наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой истории Южной Азии, Институт стран Азии и Африки

alsafronova@iaas.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-54226318-4102OrlovVladimir V.ОрловВладимир Викторович

doctor (Historical Sciences), Professor of the department of History of the Near and Middle East, Institute of Asian and African Studies

доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки

orlov@iaas.msu.ruLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова30072024162VOL 16, NO2 (2024)ТОМ 16, №2 (2024)12514131072024Copyright ©; 2024, Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.Copyright ©; 2024, Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.2024Kirillina S.A., Safronova A.L., Orlov V.V.Кириллина С.А., Сафронова А.Л., Орлов В.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/40239

The significance of the research topic is predetermined by the importance of Caliphatism as a phenomenon of social thought in the history of Islam. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional specifics of the perception of the institution of Caliphal power in the center and on the periphery of the Islamic world during the First World War (1914-1918). The military failures of the Ottoman Empire and the triumph of the Western colonial powers forced Muslim thinkers to redefine the idea of the community ( ummah ) as a form of spiritual and political unification of the adherents of Islam. The authors focused on the ongoing discussions about the opportunities for Islamic unity and the prospects of the Caliphate in the changing conditions of world geopolitics. The original models of the “Arab Caliphate” and the “Ottoman Caliphate”, later opposed by the Caliphatists to the ideas of secular statehood, manifested themselves in the meaningful ideological dialogue between the defenders and opponents of the Ottoman government. Based on historical sources, the authors analyzed the intellectual work and political positions of Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865-1935), Ali Bash Hamba (1876-1918), Abdul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) and identified the eclectic nature of their ideological and political reactions to the weakening of the power of the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph. It is proved that the specific features of the traditional political culture of the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia have become a decisive factor that led to a different interpretation of the tasks of the Caliphate in the main areas of Islam. In addition, the nature and mechanisms of the influence of the Ottoman intelligence services on the development of the philosophical and ideological justification of the Caliphal power among Muslim intellectuals have been clarified.

Значимость темы исследования предопределяется актуальностью халифатизма как феномена общественной мысли в истории ислама. Цель данного исследования - анализ региональной специфики восприятия института халифской власти в цент ре и на периферии исламского мира в ходе Первой мировой войны (1914-1918 гг.). Военные неудачи Османской империи и торжество западных колониальных держав по-новому поставили перед мусульманскими мыслителями вопрос о контурах идеи общины-уммы как формы духовного и политического объединения правоверных. Авторы сосредоточили внимание на развернувшихся в этой связи дискуссиях о самой возможности единства уммы и перспективах халифата в изменившихся условиях мировой геополитики. В содержательном идейном диалоге защитников и противников османской власти проявились оригинальные модели «арабского халифата» и «османского халифата», позже противопоставленные халифатистами идеям секулярной государственности. Опираясь на материалы исторических источников, авторы проанализировали интеллектуальное творчество и политические позиции Мухаммада Рашида Риды (1865-1935), Али Баш Хамбы (1876-1918), Абул Калам Азада (1888-1958) и выявили эклектический характер их идеологических и политических реакций на ослабление власти османского султана-халифа. Доказано, что особенности традиционной политической культуры Ближнего Востока, Северной Африки, Южной Азии стали решающим фактором, обусловившим различную трактовку задач халифата в основных ареалах распространения ислама. Кроме того, уточнены характер и механизмы влияния османских разведывательных служб на развитие философско-идеологического оправдания халифской власти в среде мусульманских интеллектуалов.

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