RUDN Journal of World HistoryRUDN Journal of World HistoryВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история2312-81272312-833XPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3314210.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-4-389-409Modern WorldСовременный мирResearch ArticleEvolution and transformation processes of China’s educational policy and governance in 1978-2019Эволюция и трансформационные процессы политики и управления в сфере образования в Китае в 1978-2019 гг.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-4528KashinVasily B.КашинВасилий Борисович

PhD, Senior Research Fellow, Director of the Centre for Comprehensive European and International Studies (CCEIS)

кандидат политических наук, старший научный сотрудник, директор Центра комплексных европейских и международных исследований (ЦКЕМИ)

vkashin@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-9818YankovaAlexandra D.ЯньковаАлександра Дмитриевна

Research Assistant at the Centre for Comprehensive European and International Studies (CCEIS)

стажер-исследователь Центра комплексных европейских и международных исследований (ЦКЕМИ)

ayankova@hse.ruNational Research University - Higher School of EconomicsНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»31122022144Political History, Culture and Religion of AsiaПолитическая история, культура и религия стран Азии38940931122022Copyright ©; 2022, Kashin V.B., Yankova A.D.Copyright ©; 2022, Кашин В.Б., Янькова А.Д.2022Kashin V.B., Yankova A.D.Кашин В.Б., Янькова А.Д.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/33142

Since the beginning of the period of reforms and openness, the PRC has constantly promoted a phased reform of the education system to modernize educational functions, rise new builders of socialism and support economic transformations in the country. Due to the active regulatory and management work, described in detail in the article with the help of instrumental observation, China gradually achieved several important results. State educational policy shifted from focusing on expanding the scope and improving the quality of education to its connotation-based development. The study of the Chinese experience of modernization of the education system has not only theoretical, but also practical significance, since successful Chinese examples of deep and rapid transformation of the national administrative system and state functions, as well as a clear adjustment of the characteristics of educational policy to current national priorities can be considered for partial application in other countries, including Russia. In order to adapt elements of the Chinese experience to the realities of other countries, such as Russian Federation, it is necessary to fully understand the context, features and stages of the educational policy evolution of the People’s Republic of China, which is done in this article.

С начала Политики реформ и открытости КНР постоянно продвигала поэтапную реформу системы образования с целью модернизации образовательных функций, воспитания новых строителей социализма и поддержки экономических преобразований в стране. Благодаря активной регуляторной и управленческой работе (подробно исследованной с помощью инструментального наблюдения) Китай постепенно добился нескольких важных результатов. Государственная образовательная политика сместила акцент c расширения охвата и повышении качества образования на его развитие, основанное на коннотации. Изучение китайского опыта модернизации системы образования имеет не только теоретическое, но и практическое значение, поскольку успешные китайские кейсы глубокой и быстрой трансформации национальной административной системы и государственных функций, а также четкой корректировки характеристик образовательной политики в соответствии с текущими национальными приоритетами могут быть рассмотрены для частичного применения в других странах, включая Россию. Чтобы адаптировать элементы китайского опыта к российским реалиям, необходимо полностью понять контекст, особенности и этапы эволюции образовательной политики Китайской Народной Республики, что и было сделано авторами исследования.

Chinaeducational policyeducational governanceregulatory frameworkeducation institutionsfunctional transformationКитайобразовательная политикауправление образованиемнормативно-правовая базаобразовательные учрежденияфункциональная трансформацияZhu Guanglei, Yu Dan. Jianshe fuwuxing zhengfu shi zhuanbian zhengfu zhineng de xin jieduan [Building a service-oriented government is a new stage in transforming government functions]. Zhengzhixue yanjiu. 2008;(8). (In Chin.)Cai Keyong. 20 shiji de zhongguo gaodeng jiaoyu (tizhi juan) [Chinese higher Education in the 20th century (Institutional Volume)]. Beijing gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe. 2003;(1):1-200. (In Chin.)Zhang Yingqiang. Zhang ying qiang xin zhongguo daxue zhidu jianshe de jiannan xuanze [Difficult choices in the construction of the university system in New China]. Qinghua daxue jiaoyu yanjiu. 2012;(6):25 - 35. (In Chin.)Yu Keping. Zhili he shanzhi yinlun [Introduction to Governance and Good Governance]. Makesi zhuyi yu xian. 1999;(5):37-41. (In Chin.)Oyeniran R., Uwamahoro E. Impacts of reforms in Chinese educational system. International Journal of Education. 2017;(1):30-48.Lowell D. The 12th Congress of the Communist Party of China. The China Quarterly. 1983;(93):108-124.Zhongguo jiaoyu nian jian (1985-1986). [China Education Yearbook (1985-1986)]. Changsha: Hunan jiaoyu chubanshe;1988. (In Chin.)Zhonggong zhongyang guanyu jiaoyu tizhi gaige de jueyi. [Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Reform of the Education System]. 1985. Available from: http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=2126 [Accessed 4 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Zhonghua renmin gongheguo yiwu jiaoyu fa [Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China]. 1986. Available from: https://www.edu.cn/edu/zheng_ce_gs_gui/jiao_yu_fa_lv/200603/t20060303_165119.shtml [Accessed 4 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Niu Nansen, Bi Cheng. Bainian zhongguo jiaoyu meng - zhongguo gongchandang jiaoyu zhengce yu shijian de huigu yu zhanwang [A hundred years of Chinese Education Dream - A Review and Outlook of the Education Policy and Practice of the Communist Party of China]. Jiaoyu xuebao. 2021;(3):3-22. (In Chin.)Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian bianji weiyuanhui. Dengxiaopingwen xuan (Di 3 juan) [Literature Editorial Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Selected Essays of Deng Xiaoping (Volume 3)]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe; 1993. (In Chin.)Gaige kaifang 30 nian zhongguo jiaoyu gaige yu fazhan keti zu. Jiaoyu daguo de jueqi (1978-2008) [Research Group on the Reform and Development of Education in China for 30 years of reform and openness. The Heyday of a great educational power (1978-2008)]. Beijing: Jiaoyu kexue chubanshe; 2008. (In Chin.)Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jiaoshi fa [Teachers Law of the People’s Republic of China], 1993. Available from: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/tnull_1314.html [Accessed 17 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jiaoyu fa [Education Law of the People’s Republic of China], 1995. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-05/25/content_918. htm [Accessed 19 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Zhou Chuan. Woguo gaodeng jiaoyu guanli tizhi 70 nian tansuo lichang ji qi zhanwang [The 70-year exploration history of China’s higher education management system and its prospects]. Gaodeng jiaoyu yanjiu. 2019;(7):1 - 10. (In Chin.)Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianxing gaodeng jiaoyu fagui huibian [Compilation of the current Higher Education Regulations of the People’s Republic of China]. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 1999. (In Chin.)Zhongguo jiaoyu gaige he fazhan gangyao [Outline for Education Reform and Development in China], 1993. Available from: https://www.waizi.org.cn/law/5047. html [Accessed 19 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Gaoju Deng Xiaoping lilun weida qizhi. Ba jiansheyou zhongguo tese shehuizhuyi shiye quanmian tuixiang ershiyishiji Jiang Zemin zai Zhongguo gongchandang dishiwu ci quan guo daibiao dahui shang de baogao [Holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping’s Theory and promoting the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics to the 21st century Jiang Zemin’s report at the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]. 2020 Dec 18. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/ test/2007-08/29/content_730614.htm [Accessed 23 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Chen Tianxiang, Li Qianting. Cong xingzheng shenpi zhidu gaige bian toushi Zhongguo zhengfu zhineng zhuanbian [The transformation of Chinese government functions from the perspective of the reform and reform of the administrative approval system to the Reform of the People’s Republic of China]. Zhongshan daxue xuebao. 2015;(2):1-23. (In Chin.)Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gaodeng jiaoyu fa [Higher Education Law of the People’s Republic of China]. 1998. Available from: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/199811/t19981127_162623.ht [Accessed 23 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Li Lanqing. Lilanqing jiaoyu fangtan lu [Interview with Li Lanqing’s Education]. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe; 2003. (In Chin.)Mao Shoulong, Jing Zhaoliang. Jin sanshi nian lai woguo zhengfu zhineng zhuanbian de yanjiu zongshu [Summary of research on the transformation of government functions in our country in the past three decades]. Tianjin xingzheng xueyuan xuebao. 2014;(4):11-18. (In Chin.)Deng Xuelin. Gaige kaifang yilai Zhongguo zhengfu zhineng zhuanbian de celiang [Measurement of the transformation of Chinese government functions since the reform and opening]. Zhongguo xingzheng guanli. 2015;(3):14-28. (In Chin.)Hu Jintao. Gaoju Zhongguo tese shehuizhuyi weida qizhi, wei duoqu quanmian jianshe xiaokang shehui xin shengli er fandou [Hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and strive for a new victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way]. Renmin Ribao. 2007 Nov 15. Available from: http://www.npcgov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/szyw/zywj/2007-10/25/content_373528.htm [Accessed 23 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Li Jun, Xu Qun. Zhongguo jiaoyu zhengce gaijin qishi nian zhi ruogan fan si - duo weishijiao xia de jingyan yu qishi [Some Reflections on the improvement of China’s education policy in the past 70 years-Experience and Inspiration from a Multidimensional perspective]. Fudan jiaoyu luntan. 2019;(5):14-20. (In Chin.)Guowuyuan guanyu dali fazhan zhiye jiaoyu de jueding [The decision of the State Council on vigorously developing vocational education], 2020. Available from: http://www.zjsjyzx.org.cn/xueshukeyan/44.html [Accessed 14 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Guowuyuan pizhuan jiaoyubu 2003-2007 nian jiaoyu zenxing xingdong jihua de tongzhi [Notice of the State Council approving the 2003-2007 Education Revitalization Action Plan of the Ministry of Education], 2004. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2004/content_62725.htm [Accessed 17 June 2022]. (In Chin.)2003-2007 nian jiaoyu zhenxing xingdong jihua [2003-2007 Education Revitalization Action Plan]. Zhongguo gaodeng jiaoyu. 2004;(1):1-10. (In Chin.)Guojia jiaoyu shiye fazhan “Shiyiwu” guihua gangyao [Outline of the “Eleventh FiveYear Plan” for the Development of the National Education Industry]. Zhongguo jiaoyu bao. 2007;(2):1-29. (In Chin.)Hu Jintao. Jianchi zou zhongguo tese zizhu chuangxin daolu wei jianshe chuangxinxing guojia er nuli fendou - Zai quan guo kexue jishu dahui shang de jianghua [Adhere to the road of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics and work hard to build an innovative country - Speech at the National Science and Technology Conference]. Jiushi. 2006;(2):3-9. (In Chin.)Guojia zhongchangqi jiaoyu gaige he fazhan guihua gangyao (2010-2020 nian) [Outline of National plan for medium and long-term education reform and development 2010-2020]. Zhongguo jiaoyu bao. 2010;(1):2-3. (In Chin.)Cao Shumin. Ba sixiang zhengzhi gongzuo guanchuan jiaoyu jiaoxue quan guocheng [Run ideological and political work through the whole process of education and teaching]. Renmin Ribao. 2021 Nov 19. Available from: http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2021/1119/c40531-32286363.html (In Chin.)2020 nian Zhongguo xuesheng zizhu fazhan baogao [2020 China Student Funding Development Report]. Zhongguo jiaoyu fazhan zhanlüe xuehui. 2021 Nov 16. Available from: http://www.cseds.edu.cn/edoas2/zlxh/messageView.jsp?id=1634518772151371 &infoid=1425279091192128 [Accessed 28 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Guanyu shenhua gaodeng jiaoyu lingyu jianzheng fangquan fangguan jiehe youhua fuwu gaige de ruogan yijian [Some opinions on deepening the reform of simplified government, decentralization, and deregulation in the field of higher education combined with optimization of services], 2017. Available from: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A02/s7049/201704/t20170405_301912.html [Accessed 17 June 2022]. (In Chin.)Xiao Weibing. Daxue zhili: Bei lanyong de shimao ciyu - dui “Woguo daxue zhili wenti yanjiu” de fansi [University governance: A fashionable word that has been abused - Reflection on “Research on University Governance Issues in China”]. Suzhou daxue xuebao (Jiaoyu kexue ban). 2017;(3):73-80. (In Chin.)Wei Shu. Zhengce zhong de zhidu luoji [Institutional logic in policy]. Nanjing Daxue chubanshe. 2007;(1):65-71. (In Chin.)Bagramova NV., Makarenko LA. The sphere of hieroglyphic culture of students of Chinese as a foreign language. Humanitarian studies. Pedagogy and psychology. 2020;(2):61-68. (In Russ.)Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting guowuyuan bangongting yinfa “Jiakuai tuijin jiaoyu xiandaihua shishi fangan (2018-2022 nian)” [The Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the “Implementation Plan to Accelerate the Modernization of Education (2018-2022)”]. Zhongguo jiaoyu bao. 2019 Feb 2. (In Chin.)Zhonggong zhongyang guowuyuan yinfa “Zhongguo jiaoyu xiandaihua 2035” [The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued “China’s Education Modernization 2035”]. Zhongguo jiaoyu bao. 2019 Feb 2. (In Chin.)Chen Jiming. Jingji zhuanxing guocheng zhong difang zhengfu zhineng de yan bian - Yi jiangsusheng de gonggong zhichu fenxi wei li [The evolution of local government functions in the process of economic transformation - Taking the analysis of public expenditure in Jiangsu Province as an example]. Xuehai. 2007;(1):1-34. (In Chin.)Suominen O., Kallo J., Rinne R., Fan Y. Subtle convergence? Locating similarities between Chinese educational reforms and global quality assurance and evaluation trends. Quality Assurance in Education. 2017;(1):146-160.