<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-3-250-260</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Oriental Studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Abbasid and Samanid military institutions as historical background for the Ghaznawids</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аббасидские и саманидские военные институты как исторический контекст для Газнавидов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minjia</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миньцзя</surname><given-names>Янь</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>post-graduate student of the Department of Central Asia and the Caucasus of the Institute of Asian and African countries</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры стран Центральной Азии и Кавказа Института стран Азии и Африки</p></bio><email>katerina.chzhuana@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Asian and African Studies (IAAS), Moscow State University (MSU)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт стран Азии и Африки МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 12, NO3 (2020)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 12, №3 (2020)</issue-title><fpage>250</fpage><lpage>260</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Minjia Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Миньцзя Я.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minjia Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Миньцзя Я.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/24731">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/24731</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Brilliant military achievements and fierce struggle between the sovereigns and his troops were characteristic of the Ghaznawid kingdom, the first Turkic dynasty in the history of Iran, while explanation of such paradox demands analysis of historical background for the Turkic rule. In view that one of the most important reasons for the decline of the Abbasids and the Samanids was the Turkic slaves’ arbitrary interference in the politics, the Abbasid and Samanid military institutions are researched in parallel. Scrutinize of narrative historical texts shows that the organization of armed forces under the two dynasties not only set an example for the Ghaznawids, but also prepared conditions for the Turkic ghulams’ rise to power, since originally the rulers of the two dynasties were forced to recruit them as reliance for the reign, while they were deprived of sovereignty with the strengthening of Turkic soldiers’ influence. Therefore, the Ghaznawids, maintaining the priority of the Turkiс component in the army, took precautions against the Turkic soldiers and generals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Газнавидское государство - первая династия тюркского происхождения в истории Ирана, которое характеризовалось военными успехами и ожесточенной политической борьбой между правителями и войском. Выявление причины такого противоречия обусловливается анализом исторического контекста правления тюрков. Поскольку одной из важнейших причин падения Аббасидов и Саманидов было вмешательство невольников-тюрков в политику, в статье военные институты двух династий исследуются параллельно. Изучение источников и литературы, относящейся к этому периоду, показывает, что структура формирования вооруженных сил при двух династиях не только послужили прообразом для Газнавидов, но и создали условия, приведшие гулямов-тюрков к власти. Правители двух династий изначально были вынуждены набирать их в армию в качестве опоры и поддержания власти, однако уступили им свое владычество по мере усиления влияния тюркских военнослужащих. В связи с этим Газнавиды, сохраняя первостепенное положение тюрков в войсках, проявляли осторожность в отношении воинов-тюрков и полководцев.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Abbasids</kwd><kwd>Ghaznavids</kwd><kwd>Samanids</kwd><kwd>army</kwd><kwd>ghulam</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аббасиды</kwd><kwd>Газнавиды</kwd><kwd>Саманиды</kwd><kwd>армия</kwd><kwd>гулям</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayhaqī, Abū al-Fażl. Tā’rīkh-i Bayhaqī (“The History of Bayhaqi”), eds. ‘Alī Akbar Fayyāż&amp; Muḥammad Ja‘far Yāḥaqī. Mashhad: Dānishgāh-i Firdawsī; 1383/2004. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байхаки, Абу Фазл. Тарих-и Байхаки («История Байхаки»). Отв. ред. ‘Али Акбар Файйаз и Мухаммад Джа‘фар Йахаки. Мешхед: Данишгах-и Фирдоуси, 1383 (2004).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baikhaki. Istoriya Mas‘uda (1030–1041), tr. A.K. Arends. Moscow: Nauka; 1969. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байхаки. История Мас‘уда (1030-1041). Пер. А.К. Арендс. М.: Наука, 1969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jurfādiqānī, Abu al-Sharaf Naṣikh. Tarjuma-yi Tā’rīkh-i Yamīnī (“Translation of the History of Yamin”), ed. Ja‘far Shu‘ār. Tehran: Bungāh-i Tarjuma va Nashr-i Kitāb; 1345/1966. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джурфадикани, Абу ал-Шараф Насих. Тарджума-йи Тарих-и йамини («Перевод книги десница державы»). Отв. ред. Джа‘фар Шу‘ар. Тегеран: Бунгах-и тарджума ва нашр-и китаб, 1345 (1966).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manīnī, Aḥmad. al-Fatḥ al-Wahbī ‘ilā Tā’rīkh Abī Naṣr al-‘Utbī (“The bestowed conquest on the basis of Abu Nasr al-’Utbi’s History”). Cairo: [?]; 1286AH/1869-70. Vol. 2. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Манини, Ахмад. ал-Фатх ал-Вахби ‘ала Тарих Аби Наср ал-‘Утби («Дарованная победа на основе Истории Абу Насра ал-‘Утби»): В 2 т. Каир: [?], 1286 (1869-70).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam. Ehntsiklopedicheskii slovar’ (“Islam. The Encyclopaedia”), eds. Miloslavskii GV et al. Moscow: Nauka; 1991. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ислам. Энциклопедический словарь. Отв. ред. Милославский Г.В. и др. М.: Наука, 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartol’d VV. Turkestan v ehpokhu mongol’skogo nashestviya (“Turkistan down to the Mongol invasion”). In: Petrushevskii IP, editor. Akademik V.V. Bartol’d. Sochineniya (“Academic W. W. Bartol’d. Complete”), vol. 1. Moscow: Nauka: 45–761 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартольд В.В. Туркестан в эпоху монгольского нашествия // Академик В.В. Бартольд. Сочинения: В 9 т. Т. 1. Отв. ред. Петрушевский И.П. М.: Наука, 1963. С. 45-761.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosworth CE. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern India 994–1040. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal; 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth C.E. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern India 994-1040. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosworth. Ghaznevid Military Organisation. Der Islam. 1960; 36 (1–2): 37–77. doi: 10.1515/islm.1960.36.1-2.37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth. Ghaznevid Military Organisation // Der Islam. 1960. T. 36. № 1-2. С. 37-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Khwārazmī, Abū ‘Abd-allāh Muḥammad. Mafātīḥ al-‘Ulūm (“Keys to the Sciences”), ed. Muḥammad Kamal al-Din al-Adhamī. Cairo: [?]; 1349/1930. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ал-Хваризми, Абу ‘Абдаллах Мухаммад. Мафатих ал-‘улум («Ключи наук»). Отв. ред. Мухаммад Камал ад-Дин ал-Адхами. Каир: [?], 1349 (1930).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad. Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed Ibn Djarir at-Tabari, eds. De Goeje et al., vol. 10. Leiden: Brill; 1897–1880. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ат-Табари, Абу Джа‘фар Мухаммад. Тарих ар-русул ва-л-мулук («История пророков и царей»). В 15 т. Т. 10. Отв. ред. де Гуе. Лейден: Брилл, 1879-1880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Ṭabarī. Annales, vol. 11. Leiden: Brill; 1881. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ат-Табари. Тарих ар-русул ва-л-мулук. Т. 11. Лейден, 1881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Ṭabarī. Annales, vol. 12. Leiden: Brill; 1883–1884. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ат-Табари. Тарих ар-русул ва-л-мулук. Т. 12. Лейден, 1883-1884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Ṭabarī. Annales, vol. 4. Leiden: Brill; 1890. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ат-Табари. Тарих ар-русул ва-л-мулук. Т. 4. Лейде, 1890.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nāẓim, Muḥammad. The Life and Times of Sulṭān Maḥmūd of Ghazna. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1931.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nāẓim, Muḥammad. The Life and Times of Sulṭān Maḥmūd of Ghazna. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitti PK. History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present. Hong Kong: M. Macmillan; 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitti P.K. History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present. Hong Kong: M. Macmillan, 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Djahiz. Tria Opuscula auctore Abu Othman Amr Ibn Bahr al-Djahiz Basrensi, ed. G. van Vloten. Leiden: Brill; 1903. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн ал-Джахиз, Абу ‘Усман. Рисала ила ал-Фатх ибн Хакан фи манакиб ат-Турк ва-‘ама джунд ал-хилафа («Письмо Фатху ибн Хакану о достоинствах тюрков и массы халифского войска») // Салас расаил («Три письма»). Отв. ред. Г.В. Влотен. Лейден: Брилл, 1903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mottahedeh R. Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mottahedeh R. Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barthold W, Spuler B. FARGHĀNĀ. In: Lewis B, Pellat Ch, Schacht J, editors. The Encyclopaedia of Islam [abbr.: EI], vol. 2. Leiden: Brill; 1991. Р. 790–793. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barthold W., Spuler B. FARGHĀNĀ // Lewis B., Pellat Ch., Schacht J., editors. The Encyclopaedia of Islam [abbr.: EI], vol. 2. Leiden: Brill, 1991. p. 790-793.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kramers JH. USRŪSHANA. In: Bearman PJ, Bianquis Th, Bosworth, Donzel E, Heinrichs WP, editors. EI, vol. 10. Leiden: Brill; 2000. Р. 924–925. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kramers J.H. USRŪSHANA // Bearman P.J., Bianquis Th., Bosworth, Donzel E., Heinrichs W.P., editors. EI, vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Р. 924-925.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Khordadbeh, Abu’l-Kasim Obaidallah ibn Abdallah. Kitab al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik, ed. De Goeje. Leiden: Brill; 1889. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн Хурдазбих, Абу-л-Касим ‘Убайдаллах ибн ‘Абдаллах. ал-Масалик ва-л-Мамалик («Книга путей и стран»). Отв. ред. Де Гуе. Лейден: Брилл, 1889.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tor DG. The Mamluks in the Military of the Pre-Seljuq Persianate Dynasties. Iran. 2008; 46 (1): 213–225. doi: 10.1080/05786967.2008.11864745.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tor D.G. The Mamluks in the Military of the Pre-Seljuq Persianate Dynasties // Iran. 2008. Т. 46. № 1. Р. 213-225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartol’d. Istoriko-geograficheskii obzor Irana (“An Historical-geographical overview of Iran”). In: Petrushevskii, editor. Akademik V.V. Bartol’d. Sochineniya, vol. 7. Moscow: Nauka; 1971: 31–227. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартольд. Историко-географический обзор Ирана // Академик В. В. Бартольд. Сочинения: т. 7. Отв. ред. Петрушевский. М.: Наука, 1971. С. 31-227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talbi M. MAGHĀRIBA. In: Bosworth, Donzel, Lewis, Pellat, editors. EI, vol. 5. Leiden: Brill; 1986. p. 1159–1160. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4761.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talbi M. MAGHĀRIBA // Bosworth, Donzel, Lewis, Pellat, editors. EI, vol. 5. Leiden: Brill, 1986. Р. 1159-1160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad. The History of Al-Ṭabarī (Ta’rīkh al-rusul wa’l mulūk), vol. 33: The Caliphate of al-Mu‘taṣim (A.D. 833–842/A.H. 218–227), ed. &amp; tr. Bosworth. New York: State University of New York; 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad. The History of Al-Ṭabarī (Ta’rīkh al-rusul wa’l mulūk), vol. 33: The Caliphate of al-Mu‘taṣim (A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227), ed. &amp; tr. Bosworth. New York: State University of New York, 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Mas‘udī. Muruj al-dhahab va ma‘ādin al-jawhar (“Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems”), ed. Kamal Ḥasan Mar‘ī. Beirut: al-Maktabat al-‘asriyat; 1420/2005. Vol. 4. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ал-Мас‘уди. Мурудж аз-захаб ва ма‘адин ал-джавхар («Золотые копи и россыпи самоцветов»). Отв. ред. Камал Хасан Мар‘и. Бейрут: ал-Мактабат ал-‘асрийат, 1420 (2005). В 4 т. Т. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Hamadhani, Ibn al-Fakih. Compendium Libri Kitab al-Boldan, ed. De Goeje. Leiden: Brill; 1885. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн ал-Факих, Абу Бакр Ахмад ибн Мухаммад ал-Хамазани. Мухтасар китаб ал-Булдан («Сокращенные известия о странах»). Отв. ред. Де Гуе. Лейден: Брилл, 1885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn-el-Athiri. Chronicon quod Perfectissimum inscribitur: volume octavum, ed. Tornberg CJ. Leiden: Brill; 1862. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн ал-Асир, ‘Изз ад-Дин Абу-л-Хасан Али. ал-Камил фи ат-Тарих («Полный свод всеобщей истории»). Отв. ред. Торнберг К.И. В 14 т. Т. 8. Лейден: Брилл, 1862.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Treadwell WL. The Political History of the Sāmānid State [dissertation]. Oxford: University of Oxford; 1991. Available from: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/ uuid:2bcb89ab-29b3-401b-84b9-e25c477476bb.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Treadwell W.L. The Political History of the Sāmānid State [dissertation]. Oxford: University of Oxford; 1991. Available from: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/ uuid:2bcb89ab-29b3-401b-84b9-e25c477476bb.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Ḥauḳal. Opus Geographicum cui titulus est “Liber Imaginis Terrae”, ed. Kramers JH. Leiden: Brill; 1939. Fasc. 2. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн Хаукал. Сурат ал-‘ард («Книга картины земли»). В 2 т. Т. 2. Отв. ред. Крамерс Й.Х. Лейден: Брилл, 1939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nizam al-Mulk. Siyar al-Muluk also known as Siyasat-nama, ed. Hubert Darke. Tehran: B.T.N.K.; 1968. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Низам ал-Мулк, Абу ‘Али Хасан Туси. Сийар ал-мулук («Книга о правлении»). Отв. ред. Хйуберт Дарк. Тегеран: Бунгах-и тарджума ва нашр-и китаб, 1347 (1968).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Isfandiyar, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. Tā’rīkh-i Tabaristān (“The History of Tabaristan”), ed. ‘Abbās Iqbāl. Tehran: Majlis; 1320/1941. Vol. 1. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн Исфандийар, Мухаммад ибн Хасан. Та’рих-и Табаристан («История Табаристана»). В 2 т. Т. 1. Отв. ред. ‘Аббас Икбал. Тегеран: Маджлис, 1320 (1941).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardīzī, Abū al-Sa‘īd ‘Abd al-Ḥayy b. Żaḥḥāk. Zayn al-Akhbār (“The Ornament of History”), ed. ‘Abd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī. Tehran: Duniyā-yi Kitāb; 1363/1982. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гардизи, Абу Са‘ид ‘Абд ал-Хайй. Зайн ал-ахбар («Украшение известий»). Отв. ред. ‘Абд ал-Хайй Хабиби. Тегеран: Дунийа-йи китаб, 1363 (1982).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn al-Zubayr, al-Rashīd. Kitab al-Dhakhā’ir wa al-Tuḥaf (“The Book of Hoards and Rarities”), ed. Muḥammad Ḥamīdallah. Kuwait: Matba‘at Ḥukumat al-Kuwait; 1959. (In Arab.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн Зубайр, ар-Рашид. Китаб аз-заха’ир ва-т-тухаф («Книга сокровище и подарок»). Отв. ред. Мухаммад Хамидаллах. Кувейт: Матба‘ат Хукумат ал-Кувейт, 1959.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taeschner Fr. ‘AYYĀR. In: Gibb AR, Kramers, Lévi-provençal E, Schasht, editors. EI, vol. 1. Leiden: Brill; 1986. Р. 794. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0927.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taeschner Fr. AYYĀR // Gibb A.R., Kramers, Lévi-provençal E., Schasht, editors. EI, vol. 1. Leiden: Brill, 1986. Р. 794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spuler. ČAGHĀNIYĀN. In: EI, vol. 2. Р. 1–2. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spuler. ČAGHĀNIYĀN // EI, vol. 2. Р. 1-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosworth. KHWĀRAZM. In: Donzel, Lewis, Pellat, editors. EI, vol. 4. Leiden: Brill, 1997. p. 1060-1065. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth. KHWĀRAZM // Donzel, Lewis, Pellat, editors. EI, vol. 4. Leiden: Brill, 1997. p. 1060-1065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anonym. Ḥudūd al-‘Ālam min al-mashriq ‘ila-l-maqrib (“The Regions of the World from The East to the West”), ed. Manuchihr Sutūda. Tehran: Ṭahurī; 1983. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аноним. Худуд ал-‘алим мин ал-машрик ‘ила-л-магриб («Книга о пределах мира от Востока к Западу»). Отв. ред. Манучихр Сутуда. Тегеран: Тахаури, 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narshakhī, Abu Bakr Mukhammad. Tā’rīkh-i Bukhārā (“The History of Bukhara”), eds. Abu Naṣr Aḥmad Alifbavī et al. Tehran: Tūs; 1363/1984. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наршахи, Абу Бакр Мухаммад. Тарих-и Бухара («История Бухары»). Пер., ред. и сокр. Абу Наср Ахмад Алифбави и др. Тегеран: Тус, 1363 (1984).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paul J. The State and the Military: The Samanid Case. Indiana: Bloomington; 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paul J. The State and the Military: The Samanid Case. Indiana: Bloomington, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golden PB. The Karakhanids and early Islam. In: Sinor D, editor. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. p. 343–370. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golden P.B. The Karakhanids and early Islam // Sinor D., editor. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Р. 343-370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novosel’tsev AP. Gosudarstva Samanidov i Gaznavidov (“The Samanid and Ghaznavid States”). In: Alaev LB, Ashrafyan KZ, editors. Istoriya vostoka (“History of the East”): vol. 2: Vostok v srednie veka (“The East in the Middle Ages”). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura; 2002. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новосельцев А.П. Государства Саманидов и Газнавидов // История востока. В 6 т. Т. 2: Восток в средние века. Отв. ред. Алаев Л.Б. и Ашрафян К.З. М.: Вост. лит., 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosworth. MUSHRIF 1: In the Arab and Persian lands. In: Bosworth, Donzel, Heinrichs, Pellat, editors. EI, vol 7. Leiden: Brill, 1993. p. 678–679. doi: 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0810.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth. MUSHRIF 1: In the Arab and Persian lands // Bosworth, Donzel, Heinrichs, Pellat, editors. EI, vol 7. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Р. 678-679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">‘Awfī, Muḥammad. Javāmi‘ al-Ḥikāyāt va lavāmi‘ al-rivāyyāt (“Collections of Stories and Illustrations of Histories”), ed. Amir-Bānū Karīmī. Tehran: Bungāh-i Farhang-i Īrān; 1359/1980-1. Vol. 2, fasc. 1. (In Pers.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">‘Ауфи, Мухаммад. Джавами‘ ал-хикайат ва лавами‘ ар-ривайат («Собрание рассказов и блестящие истории»). Отв. ред. Амир-бану Карими. Тегеран: Бунйад-и фарханг-и Иран, 1359 (1980-1). Разд. 2, т. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
