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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-2-169-185</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Oriental Studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Buddhist factor in Oirat legislation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Буддийский фактор в законодательстве ойратов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitinov</surname><given-names>Baatr</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китинов</surname><given-names>Баатр Учаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associates Professor, Senior research fellow, Department of history of East</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.и.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник, отдел истории Востока</p></bio><email>histj@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения РАН, отдел истории Востока</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 12, NO2 (2020)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 12, №2 (2020)</issue-title><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>185</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-21"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Kitinov B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Китинов Б.У.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kitinov B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Китинов Б.У.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/24034">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/24034</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The legislative acts, adopted by the Oirad in the middle of the XVII - the middle of the XVIII centuries, proceeded from the real external and internal political situation, depended on the influence of religious and social conditions. Laws of 1640 should be recognized as the most universally recognized and authoritative ones, since they were supposed to strengthen the relations of the Oirad with the Eastern Mongols, the unity (mutual assistance and interaction) of the Oirad in the conditions of the collapse of their former (Middle) Confederation. But it was precisely the consequences of the disintegration that necessitated the development of new, more “local” versions of laws, that have been adopted in Jungar (Decrees of Galdan Boshogtu-khan), Qoshut (“Mongolian code” of Gushi-khan, “Basic code of Kukunor chuulgan”), and later in Kalmyk (“Togtol”) khanates. Despite the fact that the Buddhist factor is reflected in pointed legislative acts quite clearly, religion is represented on a larger scale especially in Qoshut ones, which should be explained by the proximity of Tibetan sacred authorities to Qoshut people (Kukunor region) and the role of Qoshut “kings” (rgyal po). “Togtol” laws, adopted by the Kalmyk ruler Donduk-Dashi, also supplemented Laws of 1640, and marked the formation of a special community grouped around certain sacred texts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Принимавшиеся ойратами в середине XVII - середине XVIII вв. законодательные акты исходили из актуальной внешне- и внутриполитической ситуации, зависели от влияния религии и социальных условий. Законы 1640 г. следует признать наиболее общепризнанными и авторитетными, поскольку они должны были укрепить отношения ойратов с восточными монголами, единство (взаимопомощь и взаимодействие) ойратов в условиях распада их прежней (Средней) конфедерации. Но именно последствия распада вызвали необходимость выработки новых, более «локальных» вариантов законов, появившихся в Джунгарском (указы Галдана), Хошутском («Монгольское уложение» Гуши-хана, «Основное уложение Кукунорского чуулгана»), а позже и в Калмыцком («Тогтол») ханствах. Несмотря на то, что буддийский фактор дан в них достаточно явно, в хошутских актах религия представлена более масштабно, что следует объяснить близостью тибетских сакральных авторитетов и ролью хошутских «царей» (rgyal po). Принятые при калмыцком правителе Дондук-Даши законы «Тогтол», также дополнявшие законы 1640 г., обозначили формирование особого сообщества, группировавшегося вокруг определенных сакральных текстов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Laws of 1640</kwd><kwd>Decrees of Galdan Boshogtu-khan</kwd><kwd>“Mongolian Code” of Gushi-khan</kwd><kwd>“Basic Code of Kukunor Chuulgan”</kwd><kwd>“Togtol”</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>законы 1640 г</kwd><kwd>указы Галдана Бошогту-хана</kwd><kwd>«Монгольское уложение» Гуши-хана</kwd><kwd>«Основное уложение Кукунорского чуулгана»</kwd><kwd>«Тогтол»</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ledyard G. Two Mongol Documents from the Koryŏ sa // Journal of the American Oriental Society. April - June, 1963. Vol. 83. no 2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossabi M. 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