<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23433</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-4-297-304</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Oriental Studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forming the image of Other: Religion in the Geopolitical Maps Around Jungar and Kalmyk Khanates</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Формируя образ «Иного»: религия в геополитических картах вокруг Джунгарского и Калмыцкого ханств</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitinov</surname><given-names>Baatr Uchaevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китинов</surname><given-names>Баатр Учаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associates Professor, Senior research fellow, Department of history of East</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.и.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник, отдел истории Востока</p></bio><email>histj@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 11, NO4 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 11, №4 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>297</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Kitinov B.U.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Китинов Б.У.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kitinov B.U.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Китинов Б.У.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/23433">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/23433</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The first third of XVIII century was very important for Kalmyks and Jungars. The political affairs, where Kalmyks, Russians, Jungars and Manchus as well as the external issues have been communicated, had been closely related with the religious matters, led to intensification of regional political processes. In Kalmyk khanate the Buddhist affairs were under the supervision of the famous Shakur Lama, and it was during his rule when the Islamic issue had had some importance, because it had been closely related with the plan to establish the Kalmyk-Crimean khanate (perhaps, initially the Ottomans’ idea). In Jungaria the situation was even more complex due to the policy of Qing, when the leaders of this khanate were accused in conversion to Islam. The rare word “Thomkar” from Russian archival materials illustrates very special skill of Qing officials - it was “created” for Jungars to define them as being “converted” to Islam. The meaning of all these events allow to suppose, that religion at the time under consideration became the state tool for implementation of the virtual geopolitical maps to change the “usual” image of someone into “necessary” “enemy face”.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Первая треть XVIII века была очень важна для калмыков и джунгаров. Политические вопросы, по которым шли контакты между калмыками, русскими, джунгарами и маньчжурами, а также внешнее взаимодействие были тесно сопряжены с религиозными моментами, что вело к интенсификации региональных политических процессов. В калмыцком ханстве буддийские дела находились под контролем знаменитого Шакурламы, и именно во время его правления исламская проблема стала иметь определенное значение, поскольку она была тесно связана с планом создания Калмыцко-крымского ханства (вероятно, изначально оттоманской идеи). В Джунгарии ситуация была еще более сложной из-за политики Цин, когда лидеры этого ханства были обвинены в конвертации в ислам. Редкое слово «тхомкар» из российских архивных материалов иллюстрирует особого рода навык цинских чиновников: оно было придумано для обозначения джунгаров, обвиняемых в «обращении» в ислам. Смысл событий позволяет предположить, что религия в рассматриваемый период стала государственным инструментом для реализации виртуальных геополитических карт, превращающих «обычный» образ кого-либо в «необходимое» «лицо врага».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Thomkar</kwd><kwd>Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Islam</kwd><kwd>Kalmyks</kwd><kwd>Dzungars</kwd><kwd>Anjjathan-lama</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тхомкар</kwd><kwd>буддизм</kwd><kwd>ислам</kwd><kwd>калмыки</kwd><kwd>джунгары</kwd><kwd>Анджатан-лама</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). Fund “The Kalmyk files”. List 119/1. File 23. 1745–1746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архив внешней политики Российской империи (АВПРИ). Ф. Калмыцкие дела. Опись 119/1. Год 1745-1746. Дело 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). Fund “The Kalmyk files”. List 119/1. File 18. 1732–1735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архив внешней политики Российской империи (АВПРИ). Ф. Калмыцкие дела. Опись 119/1. Год 1732-1735. Дело 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). Fund 62. List 62/1. 1732. File 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архив внешней политики Российской империи (АВПРИ). Ф. 62. Опись 62/1. Год 1732. Дело 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The National Archive of Kalmyk Republic (NAKR). Fund R-145. The personal Fund of N.N. Palmov. File 199. P. 197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Национальный архив Республики Калмыкия (НАРК). Ф. Р-145. Личный фонд Н.Н. Пальмова. Дело 199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The National Archive of Kalmyk Republic (NAKR). Fund 36. Consisting on the Kalmyk affairs under the Astrakhan governor. File 63. P. 6, 69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Национальный архив Республики Калмыкия (НАРК). Ф. 36. Состоящий при калмыцких делах при астраханском губернаторе. Дело 63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmad, Zahiruddin. Sino-Tibetan relations in the seventeenth century (Roma, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente) Serie Orientale, 1970. 345 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakunin V.M. Description of the Kalmyk peoples, and especially of them of Torgout peoples, and the deeds of their khans and owners. Written in 1761. Elista: Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 1995. 153 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакунин В.М. Описание калмыцких народов, а особливо из них торгоутского, и поступков их ханов и владельцев. Сочинение 1761 года. Элиста: Калмыцкое книжное издательство, 1995. 153 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berzin A. Acceptance of Kalachakra Initiation. SPb.: Nartang, 2002. 335 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берзин А. Принятие посвящения Калачакры. СПб.: Нартанг, 2002. 335 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borjigidai Uyunbilig. The Hoshuud Polity in Khökhnuur (Kokonor) // Inner Asia. 2002. Vol. 4, no. 2. Pp. 181–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borjigidai Uyunbilig. The Hoshuud Polity in Khökhnuur (Kokonor) // Inner Asia. 2002. Vol. 4, no. 2. Pp. 181-195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Elverskog J. Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. 340 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Ed. Anna Akasoy, Charles Burnett, Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim. Ashgate, 2011. хiv+391 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitinov Baatr. “Kings of Tibet”: Reexamination of the Role of Khoshuts in Changing the Genghisid Principle Succession of Power to the Dalai Lama’s Seal// Proceedings of the International conference "Cultural Communication and Relations between Mongolia and Tibet", vol. 1. China, Lanzhou University Press, 2017. Pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitinov Baatr. “Kings of Tibet”: Reexamination of the Role of Khoshuts in Changing the Genghisid Principle Succession of Power to the Dalai Lama’s Seal // Proceedings of the International conference "Cultural Communication and Relations between Mongolia and Tibet", vol. 1. China, Lanzhou University Press, 2017. Pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitinov Baatr. Shakur Lama: the Last Attempt to Build the Religious State// Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture and Society. Edited by V. Wallace. Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. 37–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitinov Baatr. Shakur Lama: the Last Attempt to Build the Religious State// Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture and Society. Edited by V. Wallace. Oxford University Press, 2015. P. 37-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ochirov U.B. Attempts to unite Kalmyk and Nogai tribes in the first half of the 18th century // Bulletin of the KION RAS. 2002. № 17. Pp. 77–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Очиров У.Б. Попытки объединения калмыцких и ногайских племен в первой половине XVIII в. // Вестник КИОН РАН. 2002. № 17. С. 77-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmov Nikolai. 2007. Materials on the History of the Kalmyk People Per Stay Within Russia. Elista: Kalmyk Publishing House, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальмов Н. Материалы по истории калмыцкого народа за период пребывания в пределах России. Элиста: Калмыцкое книжное издательство, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmov Nikolai. The Essays of the History of the Kalmyk People Per Stay Within Russia Astrakhan: Kalmgosizdat, 1922. 145 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальмов Н.Н. Очерк истории калмыцкого народа за время его пребывания в пределах России. Астрахань: Калмгосиздат, 1922. 145 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sela Ron. Central Asian Muslims on Tibetan Buddhism, 16th–18th Centuries // Trails of the Tibetan Tradition. Papers for Elliot Sperling. Ed. Roberto Vitali with assistance from Gedun Rabsal and Nicole Willock. Dharamshala (H.P.), India, 2014. Pр. 345–359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sela Ron. Central Asian Muslims on Tibetan Buddhism, 16th-18th Centuries // Trails of the Tibetan Tradition. Papers for Elliot Sperling. Ed. Roberto Vitali with assistance from Gedun Rabsal and Nicole Willock. Dharamshala (H.P.), India, 2014. Pр. 345-359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloshcheva M.A. Policy of the Qing Empire with respect to Tibet during the reign of Yunjen emperor (1723–1735). Diss.. Ph.D. SPb., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солощева М.А. Политика империи Цин в отношении Тибета в период правления императора Юнчжэна (1723-1735 гг.). Дисс… к.и.н. СПб., 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
