<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-1-76-90</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Antique world</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Античный мир</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pax Romana and the Roman “imperialism” in the 1st century A.D</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Pax Romana и римский «империализм» в I в. н.э</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikishin</surname><given-names>Vladimir O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никишин</surname><given-names>Владимир Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior teacher of the department of the ancient history in the history faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры истории древнего мира исторического факультета</p></bio><email>cicero74@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 11, NO1 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 11, №1 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Nikishin V.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Никишин В.О.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikishin V.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никишин В.О.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/22475">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/22475</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article is devoted to such a historical phenomenon as the Roman “imperialism” in the epoch of Augustus and his coming successors. Despite the fact that the founder of the Principate had declared the coming of “pax Augusta”, he spent several wars of conquest (for instance, in Spain and Germany). But Tiberius had already refused of “aggressive imperialism”, then the Empire moved to defense at all frontiers. The emperors of the 1st century A.D. only from time to time took oﬀensive actions (for example, in Armenia or Britain). Probably, there were two reasons for the Romans’ rejection of expansion policy. First of all, by that moment they had already conquered practically all the Mediterranean, and the expanding of the boundaries of the Empire hadn’t sense any more. Secondly, the creation of professional army led to the noticeable decline of the militarization level of the Roman society, which from that on was keenly interested in the keeping of peace and stability all over the “pax Romana”.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена такому историческому феномену, как римский «империализм» в эпоху Августа и его ближайших преемников. Несмотря на то что основатель Принципата провозгласил наступление «Августова мира», он провел несколько завоевательных войн (например, в Испании и Германии). Однако уже Тиберий отказался от «агрессивного империализма», после чего империя перешла к обороне на всех рубежах. Императоры I в. лишь время от времени предпринимали наступательные акции (например, в Армении или Британии). Вероятно, причин отказа римлян от политики экспансии было две. Во-первых, к тому времени они уже завоевали практически все Средиземноморье и расширять границы империи более не имело смысла. Во-вторых, создание профессиональной армии привело к заметному снижению уровня милитаризации римского общества, которое отныне было кровно заинтересовано в сохранении мира и стабильности на всем пространстве «римского мира».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the Roman “imperialism”</kwd><kwd>“defensive imperialism”</kwd><kwd>“aggressive imperialism”</kwd><kwd>“bellum iustum”</kwd><kwd>Quintilius Varus</kwd><kwd>Augustus</kwd><kwd>Claudius</kwd><kwd>Teutoburger Forest</kwd><kwd>vassal kingdoms</kwd><kwd>“pax Augusta”</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>римский «империализм»</kwd><kwd>«оборонительный империализм»</kwd><kwd>«агрессивный империализм»</kwd><kwd>«справедливая война»</kwd><kwd>Квинтилий Вар</kwd><kwd>Август</kwd><kwd>Клавдий</kwd><kwd>Тевтобургский лес</kwd><kwd>вассальные царства</kwd><kwd>«Августов мир»</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramzon M.G. Monety kak sredstvo propagandy oﬁcialnoy politiki Rimskoj Imperii [The Coins as a mean of propaganda of the oﬃcial policy of the Roman Empire]. М., 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамзон М.Г. Монеты как средство пропаганды официальной политики Римской Империи. М., 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knabe G.S. Kornelij Tacit. Vremya. Zhizn’. Knigi [Cornelius Tacitus. Time. Life. Books]. М., 1981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кнабе Г.С. Корнелий Тацит. Время. Жизнь. Книги. М., 1981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikishin V.O. Kak kultura preodolela negativnyj stereotip: portret mavretanskogo carya Juby II v kontekste rimskih etnicheskih predrassudkov [How the culture overcame a negative stereotype: the portrait of Mauretanian king Juba II in the context of the Roman racial prejudices] // Egipet i sopredel’nye strany [Egypt and neighbouring countries]. Vyp. 2. M., 2017. S. 43–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никишин В.О. Как культура преодолела негативный стереотип: портрет мавретанского царя Юбы II в контексте римских этнических предрассудков // Египет и сопредельные страны. Вып. 2. 2017. С. 43-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smykov E.V. Novye podhody k issledovaniju rimskoj vostochnoj politiki [The new approaches of research of the Roman eastern policy]. Saratov, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смыков Е.В. Новые подходы к исследованию римской восточной политики. Саратов, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtaerman E.M. Social’nye osnovy religii drevnego Rima [Social bases of the religion of Ancient Rome]. М., 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Штаерман Е.М. Социальные основы религии древнего Рима. М., 1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amici – socii – clientes? Abhängige Herrschaft im Imperium Romanum (Berlin Studies of the Ancient World. Vol. 31) / Hrsg. E. Baltrusch und J. Wilker. Berlin, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amici - socii - clientes? Abhängige Herrschaft im Imperium Romanum (Berlin Studies of the Ancient World. Vol. 31) / Hrsg. E. Baltrusch und J. Wilker. Berlin, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Balsdon J.P.V.D. Romans and Aliens. L., 1979.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellen H. Metus Gallicus – Metus Punicus. Zum Furchtmotiv in der römischen Republic / AAWM. 3. 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellen H. Metus Gallicus - Metus Punicus. Zum Furchtmotiv in der römischen Republic / AAWM. 3. 1985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Braund D.C. Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship. L., 1984.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunt P.A. “Laus imperii” // Imperialism in the Ancient World / Eds. P.D.A. Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker. Cambridge, 1978. P. 159–191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunt P.A. “Laus imperii” // Imperialism in the Ancient World / Eds. P.D.A. Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker. Cambridge, 1978. P. 159-191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Brunt P.A. Roman Imperial Themes. Oxford, 1990.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burian J. Latrones. Ein Begriﬀ in römischen literarischen und juristischen Quellen // Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina. 21. 1984. S. 17–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burian J. Latrones. Ein Begriﬀ in römischen literarischen und juristischen Quellen // Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina. 21. 1984. S. 17-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornell T. The end of Roman imperial expansion // War and Society in the Roman World / Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society. Vol. 5 / Eds. J. Rich and G. Shipley. L., 1993. P. 139–170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornell T. The end of Roman imperial expansion // War and Society in the Roman World / Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society. Vol. 5 / Eds. J. Rich and G. Shipley. L., 1993. P. 139-170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eckstein A.M. Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic // A Companion to the Roman Republic / Eds. N. Rosenstein and R. Morstein-Marx. Oxford, 2006. P. 565–589.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eckstein A.M. Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic // A Companion to the Roman Republic / Eds. N. Rosenstein and R. Morstein-Marx. Oxford, 2006. P. 565-589.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Eckstein A.M. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edwell P. Deﬁnitions of Roman Imperialism // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 39–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edwell P. Deﬁnitions of Roman Imperialism // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 39-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghio G. Roman Soldiers on the Spot: Integration and Issues. A case study based on the province of Egypt (I–II century AD). Leiden, 2017–2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghio G. Roman Soldiers on the Spot: Integration and Issues. A case study based on the province of Egypt (I-II century AD). Leiden, 2017-2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giuﬀre V. “Latrones desertoresque” // Labeo. Rassegna di diritto romano. 27. 1981. P. 214–218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giuﬀre V. “Latrones desertoresque” // Labeo. Rassegna di diritto romano. 27. 1981. P. 214-218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gruen E.S. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Vol. 1. Berkeley, 1984.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Grünewald Th. Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality. L.; N.Y., 2004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.V. War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327 – 70 BC. Oxford, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.V. War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327 - 70 BC. Oxford, 1979.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kroll W. Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit. Leipzig, 1933.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lintott A. Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. L.; N.Y., 1993.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madsen J.M. The Provincialisation of Rome // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 305–318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madsen J.M. The Provincialisation of Rome // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 305-318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Millar F. Rome, the Greek World, and the East / Eds. H.M. Cotton and G.M. Rogers. Vol. 2. Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire. L., 2004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paterson J. Transalpinae gentes: Cicero, De re publica 3, 16 // CQ. 1978. 28. P. 452–458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paterson J. Transalpinae gentes: Cicero, De re publica 3, 16 // CQ. 1978. 28. P. 452-458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitts L.-F. Relations between Rome and the German “Kings” on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D. // JRS. 79. 1989. P. 45–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitts L.-F. Relations between Rome and the German “Kings” on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D. // JRS. 79. 1989. P. 45-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potter D. The Limits of Rower // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 319–332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Potter D. The Limits of Rower // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 319-332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richardson J.S. Imperium Romanum: Empire and the Language of Power // JRS. 81. 1991. P. 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richardson J.S. Imperium Romanum: Empire and the Language of Power // JRS. 81. 1991. P. 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone M. The Genesis of Roman Imperialism // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 23–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone M. The Genesis of Roman Imperialism // A Companion to Roman Imperialism (History of Warfare. Vol. 81) / Ed. D. Hoyos. Leiden-Boston, 2013. P. 23-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Vogt J. Ciceros Glaube an Rom. Darmstadt, 1963.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whittaker C.R. Frontiers // CAH. 2nd ed. Vol. XI. The High Empire, AD 70–192 / Ed. A.K. Bowman. Cambridge, 2008. P. 293–319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whittaker C.R. Frontiers // CAH. 2nd ed. Vol. XI. The High Empire, AD 70-192 / Ed. A.K. Bowman. Cambridge, 2008. P. 293-319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woolf G. Roman peace // War and Society in the Roman World / Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society. Vol. 5 / Eds. J. Rich and G. Shipley. L., 1993. P. 171–194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woolf G. Roman peace // War and Society in the Roman World / Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society. Vol. 5 / Eds. J. Rich and G. Shipley. L., 1993. P. 171-194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
