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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-3-270-281</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Oriental Studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Kalmak and oirats: toponym in the religious history of the peoples of Central Asia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Калмак и ойраты: топоним в религиозной истории народов Центральной Азии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitinov</surname><given-names>Baatr Uchaevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китинов</surname><given-names>Баатр Учаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Associate Professor of the Department of World History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат иторических наук, доцент кафедры всеобщей истории</p></bio><email>kitinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 10, NO3 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 10, №3 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>270</fpage><lpage>281</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-03-05"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Kitinov B.U.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Китинов Б.У.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kitinov B.U.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Китинов Б.У.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/20676">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/20676</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The word Kalmak is spread in a number of medieval Muslim sources. In research of the scholars this word is understood as an indicator of development or separatism (“piece”, “backward”), or religious orientation (not Muslims) for Oirats or some kind of nomadic people. To deﬁne the origin and development of its meaning, it is important to draw data from a number of important sources; for example, according to “Tarikh-i Rashidi”, Kalmak means the territory of Western and South-Western Mongolia, whose inhabitants were called, respectively, as Kalmaks, and mainly were not Muslims. In the context of the struggle of diﬀerent Islam traditions during the process of Islamization of the uluses of Juchi and Chaghatay, this word began to denote all those who remained pagan or Buddhist, and since such “refuseniks” had been found in all the Genghisid uluses, the sources recorded the presence of Kalmaks almost everywhere. Besides, the historical tradition relates the Buddhist Oirats to Kalmaks, but initially Oirats had nothing common with that nation, and only with Oirats’ movement in Genghis Khan’s times to the named territories (Kalmak), this word was transferred to them, already, as an ethnonym. Oirats became Buddhists at the end of the fourteenth - beginning of the ﬁfteenth centuries, facilitated by political, economic, ideological and other reasons. A study of the sources leads to conclusion, that the Kalmak’s ﬁrst meaning was the region’s name, where peoples were known as not Muslims, and therefore this word acquired a religious context and for this reason was ﬁnally entrenched to the Oirats.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Слово «калмак» присутствует в целом ряде средневековых мусульманских источников. В исследованиях специалистов оно понимается как показатель развития или сепаратизма («кусок», «отсталый»), или религиозной ориентации (не мусульмане) ойратов либо некоего кочевого народа. Для выявления происхождения и развития значения этого слова полагаем важным привлечь данные из ряда авторитетных источников; например, согласно «Тарих-и Рашиди» Калмак - это территория Западной и ЮгоЗападной Монголии, жители которой звались, соответственно, калмаками и в основном не были мусульманами. В условиях борьбы различных течений ислама в процессе исламизации улусов Джучи и Чагатая это слово получило широкую трактовку и стало определением всех тех, кто остался язычником или буддистом, а поскольку такие «отказники» были во всех государствах чингисидов, то источники фиксировали присутствие калмаков едва ли не повсеместно. Кроме того, историческая традиция соотносит с калмаками буддистов ойратов, однако изначально ойраты не имели к первым никакого отношения, и лишь с их продвижением в эпоху Чингисхана на названные территории (Калмак) это слово было перенесено на ойратов уже как этноним. Ойраты становились буддистами с конца XIV - начала XV вв., чему способствовали политические, экономические, идеологические и иные причины. Изучение источников показывает, что слово «калмак» прежде имело смыслом название региона, народы которого были известны как немусульмане, в связи с чем приобрело религиозный контекст и по этой причине окончательно закрепилось за ойратами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kalmak</kwd><kwd>Oirat</kwd><kwd>Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Islam</kwd><kwd>Genghisids</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>калмак</kwd><kwd>ойрат</kwd><kwd>ислам</kwd><kwd>буддизм</kwd><kwd>чингисиды</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev A.K. Political history of the Tukay-Timurids: Based on the materials of Bahr al-asrar, the Persian historical work. SPb.: St. Petersburg University, 2006. 228 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.К. 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