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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Строительная механика инженерных конструкций и сооружений</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-5235</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-8700</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52525</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/1815-5235-2026-22-3-293-312</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LJWWRA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental researches</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative Analysis of the Stiffness Characteristics of Masonry Wall Based on Experimental Data and an Orthotropic Model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ жесткостных характеристик стены из каменной кладки на основе экспериментальных данных и ортотропной модели</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8683-5731</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8794-4659</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shakarneh</surname><given-names>Omar M.D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шакарнех</surname><given-names>Омар Мухаммед Дауд</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of the Department of Reinforced Concrete Structures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры железобетонных конструкций</p></bio><email>Oshakarneh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет (Сибстрин)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 22, NO2 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 22, №2 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>312</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Shakarneh O.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Шакарнех О.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shakarneh O.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шакарнех О.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/52525">https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/52525</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study presents a comparative analysis of the stiffness characteristics of brick masonry based on experimental data and an orthotropic model. The main focus is on the influence of mortar joint strength on the anisotropy of the elastic properties of masonry. For three series of samples KRO-1, KRO-2, KRO-3 with different mortar strengths, experimental compression tests were conducted, along with numerical modeling in the Abaqus software, including micro-modeling and macro-modeling based on an orthotropic model. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the elastic moduli of brick and mortar  E<sub>b</sub>/ E<sub>m</sub> significantly affects the distribution of strains and stresses in the masonry. An asymmetry in the stiffness matrix D<sub>12</sub> ≠ D<sub>21</sub> was observed, indicating the need to account for micromechanical effects in the “brick - mortar” contact zones. The highest anisotropy was found in samples with low-strength mortar series KRO-3, where the anisotropy coefficient D<sub>11</sub>/D<sub>22</sub> reached 1.253. The study confirms the validity of using an orthotropic model to describe the stiffness characteristics of masonry but highlights the necessity of its modification to account for structural heterogeneity and edge effects. The obtained results have practical significance for the design of masonry structures under complex stress conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлен сравнительный анализ жесткостных характеристик кирпичной кладки на основе экспериментальных данных и ортотропной модели. Основное внимание уделено влиянию прочности растворного шва на анизотропию упругих свойств кладки. Для трех серий образцов (KRO-1, KRO-2, KRO-3) с различной прочностью раствора были проведены экспериментальные испытания на сжатие, а также численное моделирование в программном комплексе Abaqus, включающее микромоделирование и макромоделирование на основе ортотропной модели. Результаты показывают, что отношение модулей упругости кирпича и раствора E<sub>b</sub>/ E<sub>m</sub> существенно влияет на распределение деформаций и напряжений в кладке. Обнаружена асимметрия матрицы жёсткости D<sub>12</sub> ≠ D<sub>21</sub>, что указывает на необходимость учёта микромеханических эффектов в контактных зонах «кирпич - раствор». Наибольшая степень анизотропии выявлена в образцах с низкопрочным раствором серия KRO-3, где коэффициент анизотропии D<sub>11</sub>/D<sub>22</sub> достиг значения 1,253. Исследование подтверждает применимость ортотропной модели для описания жесткостных характеристик кладки, но подчёркивает необходимость её модификации с учётом структурной неоднородности и краевых эффектов. Полученные результаты имеют практическое значение для проектирования каменных конструкций при сложных напряжённых состояниях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Abaqus</kwd><kwd>brick masonry</kwd><kwd>orthotropic model</kwd><kwd>stiffness anisotropy</kwd><kwd>mortar strength</kwd><kwd>finite element modeling</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кирпичная кладка</kwd><kwd>ортотропная модель</kwd><kwd>анизотропия жёсткости</kwd><kwd>прочность раствора</kwd><kwd>конечно-элементное моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pindera M-J, Khatam H, Drago AS, Bansal Y. Micromechanics of spatially uniform heterogeneous media: A critical review and emerging approaches. 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