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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Строительная механика инженерных конструкций и сооружений</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-5235</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-8700</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46173</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/1815-5235-2025-21-3-270-280</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UMRKLR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Seismic resistence</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Сейсмостойкость сооружений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Seismic Vulnerability of Non-Code-Compliant and Code-Compliant RC Buildings</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сейсмическая уязвимость железобетонных зданий, соответствующих и не соответствующих строительным нормам и правилам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4654-3428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bohara</surname><given-names>Birendra K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бохара</surname><given-names>Бирендра Кумар</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент</p></bio><email>bbohara2@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8595-4940</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jagari</surname><given-names>Sangam</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джагари</surname><given-names>Сангам</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>UG, School of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, инженерная школа</p></bio><email>jagarisangam111@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0358-8924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Joshi</surname><given-names>Nirmal M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джоши</surname><given-names>Нирмал М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>UG, School of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, инженерная школа</p></bio><email>Joshinirmalmani123@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Far Western University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дальневосточный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>270</fpage><lpage>280</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bohara B.K., Jagari S., Joshi N.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бохара Б.К., Джагари С., Джоши Н.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bohara B.K., Jagari S., Joshi N.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бохара Б.К., Джагари С., Джоши Н.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/46173">https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/46173</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study investigates the seismic vulnerability of non-code-compliant reinforced concrete (RC) buildings compared to code-based structures. The research uses linear elastic and nonlinear pushover analyses (NPA) to evaluate critical seismic performance parameters such as natural periods, mass participation, base shear, capacity curve, ductility ratio, overstrength factor, collapse mechanics, and nonlinear hysteretic damping (NHD). Structures designed following standards like NBC 205 (old), RUD 205 new, and Indian standard IS 1893 are analyzed against non-code-compliant building samples (NES1-NES6) to highlight performance gaps. The findings reveal that code-compliant buildings demonstrate significantly higher seismic resistance, greater flexibility, effective earthquake energy dissipation, higher ductility, overstrength factor, and base shear capacity. Non-code-compliant buildings often exhibit soft-story failure, with initial damage observed in the columns, highlighting their vulnerability during seismic events. Meanwhile, code-compliant RC buildings (RUD) designed with seismic principles demonstrate better seismic performance, adhering to the “strong column, weak beam” philosophy and superior strength-to-capacity ratios, higher overstrength factors, and enhanced ductility ratios, highlighting their resilience under seismic loads. The results conclude that addressing the code provisions ensures earthquake-resistant buildings with warranted ductile behavior for structural systems, enabling the achievement of the intended collapse mechanism.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследована сейсмическая уязвимость железобетонных зданий, не соответствующих требованиям строительных норм и правил в сравнении с сооружениями, построенными с их соблюдением. Для оценки критических сейсмических характеристик, таких как собственный период колебаний, коэффициент участия масс, поперечная сила в основании, спектр несущей способности, коэффициент пластичности, коэффициент сверхпрочности, механика разрушения и нелинейное гистерезисное демпфирование, использован линейный упругий и нелинейный статический расчет. Сооружения, спроектированные в соответствии с непальскими сводами правил NBC 205 (старый) и RUD 205 (новый), а также индийским сводом правил IS 1893, были проанализированы относительно образцов зданий (NES1-NES6), не соответствующих строительным нормам, с целью выявить различие в характеристиках. Полученные результаты показывают, что здания, соответствующие строительным нормам, демонстрируют значительно более высокую сейсмостойкость, гибкость, эффективное рассеивание энергии землетрясения, высокую пластичность, коэффициент сверхпрочности и предел поперечной силы у основания. В зданиях, не соответствующих строительным нормам, часто наблюдается разрушение гибкого этажа, при этом первоначальные повреждения наблюдаются в колоннах, что подчеркивает их уязвимость во время сейсмической активности. Вместе с тем железобетонные здания, спроектированные по RUD с учетом сейсмических принципов, демонстрируют лучшие сейсмические характеристики, придерживаясь концепции «прочная колонна, слабая балка», а также превосходное соотношение прочности и сейсмостойкости, более высокие коэффициенты сверхпрочности и пластичности, что подчеркивает их сейсмоустойчивость. Результаты показывают, что соблюдение положений строительных норм и правил обеспечивает сейсмостойкость зданий с гарантированной пластичностью несущей конструкции, что позволяет реализовать расчетный механизм разрушения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nonlinear pushover analysis</kwd><kwd>overstrength factor</kwd><kwd>NBC</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нелинейный статический метод</kwd><kwd>коэффициент сверхпрочности</kwd><kwd>строительные нормы Непала</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chaulagain H., Gautam D., Rodrigues H. Revisiting major historical earthquakes in Nepal: Overview of 1833, 1934, 1980, 1988, 2011, and 2015 seismic events. Impacts and Insights of the Gorkha Earthquake. 2018:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812808-4.00001-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Mishra A.K. 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