<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Строительная механика инженерных конструкций и сооружений</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-5235</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-8700</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42698</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/1815-5235-2024-20-5-404-417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CONRDX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Analytical and numerical methods of analysis of structures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Аналитические и численные методы расчета конструкций</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Algorithm for Calculating Statically Indeterminate Trusses Using the Force Method</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритм метода сил в расчетах статически неопределимых ферм</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-424X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8220-6921</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lalin</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лалин</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Higher School of Industrial, Civil and Road Construction of the Institute of Civil Engineering, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; Professor of the Department of Construction Technologies and Structural Materials of the Engineering Academy, RUDN university</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор Высшей школы промышленно-гражданского и дорожного строительства Инженерно-строительного института, Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого; профессор кафедры технологий строительства и конструкционных материалов инженерной академии, Российский университет дружбы народов</p></bio><email>vllalin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2742-1345</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5342-2799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimov</surname><given-names>Timur R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимов</surname><given-names>Тимур Равилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Graduate student of the Higher School of Industrial, Civil and Road Construction of the Institute of Civil Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант Высшей школы промышленно-гражданского и дорожного строительства Инженерно-строительного института</p></bio><email>timuribragimov.ra@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 20, NO5 (2024)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 20, №5 (2024)</issue-title><fpage>404</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-31"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Lalin V.V., Ibragimov T.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Лалин В.В., Ибрагимов Т.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lalin V.V., Ibragimov T.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лалин В.В., Ибрагимов Т.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/42698">https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/42698</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study focuses on developing an algorithm for calculating statically indeterminate trusses using the force method. The main challenge in algorithmizing the force method lies in obtaining the solution to the homogeneous equilibrium equations, which is complicated by the ambiguity in selecting the primary system. The idea behind the presented algorithm is based on using the transposed compatibility matrix of the structure as the general solution to the homogeneous equilibrium equations. The governing system of equations eliminates the need to select redundant unknowns, as the column of unknowns is generated automatically. The method for obtaining compatibility equations in statically indeterminate truss cells is presented through a direct examination of changes in the area of truss loops. The compatibility matrix of the system is composed of rows of compatibility equations for independent statically indeterminate truss loops. Compatibility equations for the deformations of triangular and rectangular truss cells are derived, and a method for obtaining compatibility equations for externally statically indeterminate trusses is described. Using the proposed algorithm, the flexibility matrix of a truss with parallel chords is presented. The algorithm removes the ambiguity in selecting the primary system, and the structure of the flexibility matrix is determined by the numbering of the statically indeterminate loops of the system. There is no need to use the equilibrium equations when constructing the flexibility matrix of the structure.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Работая посвящена построению алгоритма расчёта статически неопределимых ферм методом сил. Основной трудностью в алгоритмизации метода сил является построение общего решения однородных уравнений равновесия, что объясняется неоднозначностью выбора основной системы. Идея излагаемого алгоритма основана на использовании транспонированной матрицы совместности деформации конструкции в качестве общего решения однородных уравнений равновесия узлов конструкции. Построенная система разрешающих уравнений позволяет отказаться от выбора лишних неизвестных, столбец неизвестных формируется автоматически. Изложен метод получения уравнений совместности деформаций ячеек статически неопределимых ферм с помощью рассмотрения изменения площади контуров ячейки. Матрица совместности деформаций системы составляется из строк уравнений совместности деформаций независимых статически неопределимых ячеек фермы. Получены уравнения совместности деформаций треугольной и прямоугольной ячеек ферм, изложен метод построения уравнений совместности деформаций для внешне статически неопределимых ферм. С использованием изложенного алгоритма приведена матрица податливости конструкции фермы с параллельными поясами с крестовой решёткой. Изложенный алгоритм снимает неоднозначность выбора основной системы, структура матрицы податливости конструкции однозначно определяется нумерацией статически неопределимых контуров системы. Для построения матрицы податливости конструкции нет необходимости использования уравнений равновесия узлов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>planar truss</kwd><kwd>general solution of the equilibrium equations</kwd><kwd>strain compatibility equations</kwd><kwd>continuity conditions of the area</kwd><kwd>forse method algorithm</kwd><kwd>flexibility matrix</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ферма</kwd><kwd>общее решение уравнений равновесия</kwd><kwd>уравнения совместности деформаций</kwd><kwd>условия неразрывности площади</kwd><kwd>метод сил</kwd><kwd>матрица податливости</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A., Zaerreza A. Comparison of the graph-theoretical force method and displacement method for optimal design of frame structures. Structures. 2022;43:1145-1159. http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2022.07.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A., Shabani Rad A. Metaheuristic-based optimal design of truss structures using algebraic force method. Structures. 2023;50:1951-1964. http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2023.02.123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A., Zaerreza A. Optimum Design of the Frame Structures Using the Force Method and Three Recently Improved Metaheuristic Algorithms. International Journal of Optimization in Civil Engineering. 2023;13(3):309-325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Saeed N.M., Kwan A.S.K. Simultaneous displacement and internal force prescription in shape control of pin-jointed assemblies. Journal of Aircraft. 2016;4:2499-2506. http://doi.org/10.2514/1.J054811</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>du Pasquier C., Shea K. Validation of a nonlinear force method for large deformations in shape-morphing structures. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 2022;3:1-17. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-022-03187-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Mohammed Saeed N., Aulla Manguri A. An Approximate Linear Analysis of Structures Utilizing Incremental Loading of Force Method. UKH Journal of Science and Engineering. 2020;6(4):37-44. http://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse. v4n1y2020.pp37-44</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Yuan X., Liang X., Li A. Shape and force control of prestressed cable-strut structures based on nonlinear force method. Advances in Structural Engineering. 2016;12(19):1917-1926. http://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216652411</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Reksowardojo A.P., Senatore G., Smith I.F.C. Design of Structures That Adapt to Loads through Large Shape Changes. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2020;5:1-16. http://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002604</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Denke P.H. A general digital computer analysis of statically indeterminate structures. NASA-TN-D-1666. 1962.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Przemieniecki J.S., Denke P.H. Joining of complex substructures by the matrix force method. Journal of Aircraft. 1966;3(3):236-243. http://doi.org/10.2514/3.43731</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Topçu A., Thierauf G. Structural optimization using the force method. World Congress on Finite Element Methods in Structural Mechanics. Bournemouth, England, 1975.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Topçu A. A contribution to the systematic analysis of finite element structures using the force method. Doctoral dissertation, Essen University, 1979. (In German)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Soyer E., Topcu A. Sparse self-stress matrices for the finite element force method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 2001;9:2175-2194. http://doi.org/10.1002/nme.119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pellegrino S., Van Heerden T. Solution of equilibrium equations in the force method: A compact band scheme for underdetermined linear systems. Computers &amp; Structures. 1990;5:743-751. http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(90)90103-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Pellegrino S. Structural computations with the singular value decomposition of the equilibrium matrix. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 1993;21(30):3025-3035. http://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(93)90210-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Rozin L.A. Rod systems as systems of finite elements. Leningrad. 1976. (In Russ.) Розин Л.А. Стержневые системы как системы конечных элементов. Ленинград: Издательство ЛГУ, 1976. 232 c.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Coleman T.F., Pothen A. The Null Space Problem I. Complexity. SIAM Journal on Algebraic Discrete Methods. 1986;4(7):527-537. http://doi.org/10.1137/0607059</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Coleman T.F., Pothen A. The Null Space Problem II. Algorithms. SIAM Journal on Algebraic Discrete Methods. 1987;4(8):544-563. http://doi.org/10.1137/0608045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pothen A. Sparse null basis computations in structural optimization. Numerische Mathematik. 1989;5:501-519. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01398913</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert J.R., Heath M.T. Computing a Sparse Basis for the Null Space. SIAM Journal on Algebraic Discrete Methods. 1987;3(8):446-459. http://doi.org/10.1137/0608037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Henderson J.C. Topological Aspects of Structural Linear Analysis. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 1960;5:137-141. http://doi.org/10.1108/eb033249</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Maunder E.A. Topological and linear analysis of skeletal structures. Imperial College, London, 1971. ISBN: 2013206534</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>De Henderson J.C.C., Maunder E.A.W. A Problem in Applied Topology: on the Selection of Cycles for the Flexibility Analysis of Skeletal Structures. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics. 1969;2(5):254-269. http://doi.org/10.1093/IMAMAT/ 5.2.254.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A. Application of Topology and Matroid Theory to the flexibility analysis of structures. Ph.D. Thesis London University Imperial College, 1974.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A. Subminimal Cycle Bases for the Force Method of Structural Analysis. Communications in Applied Numerical Methods. 1987;4(3):277-280. http://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630030407</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kaveh A. Bandwidth reduction of rectangular matrices. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering. 1993;3(9):259-267. http://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1640090310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Koohestani K. An orthogonal self-stress matrix for efficient analysis of cyclically symmetric space truss structures via force method. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2011;2:227-233. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.09.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Koohestani K. Innovative numerical form-finding of tensegrity structures. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2020;206:304-313. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.09.034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Patnaik S. An integrated force method for discrete analysis. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 1973;2(6):237-251. http://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620060209</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Patnaik S.N., Pai S.S., Hopkins D.A. Compatibility condition in theory of solid mechanics (elasticity, structures, and design optimization). Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. 2007;4(14):431-457. http://doi.org/10.1007/S11831-007-9011-9/METRICS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Wei X.F., Patnaik S.N., Pai S.S., Ling P.P. Extension of Integrated Force Method into Stochastic Domain. International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics. 2009;3(10):197-208. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/15502280902795060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Wei X.F., Patnaik S.N. Application of stochastic sensitivity analysis to integrated force method. International Journal of Stochastic Analysis. 2012;1:249201. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/249201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Postnikov M.M. Analytical Geometry. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1979. (In Russ.) Постников М.М. Аналитическая геометрия. Москва: Наука, 1979. 336 c.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Washizu K. Variational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity. New York: Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1974.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
