<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Строительная механика инженерных конструкций и сооружений</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-5235</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-8700</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">35859</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/1815-5235-2023-19-2-233-250</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DKBCLX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Construction materials and products</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительные материалы и изделия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of gelatin powder, almond shell, and recycled aggregates on chemical and mechanical properties of conventional concrete</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние порошка желатина, миндальной скорлупы и вторичных заполнителей на химические и механические свойства обычного бетона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-5745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hematibahar</surname><given-names>Mohammad</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хематибахар</surname><given-names>Мохаммад</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Department of Reinforced Concrete and Stone Structures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, кафедра железобетонных и каменных конструкций</p></bio><email>eng.m.hematibahar1994@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-3479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Esparham</surname><given-names>Alireza</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эспархам</surname><given-names>Алиреза</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>alireza.esp110@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1196-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vatin</surname><given-names>Nikolai I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ватин</surname><given-names>Николай Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Higher School of Industrial Civil and Road Construction</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор Высшей школы промышленно-гражданского и дорожного строительства</p></bio><email>vatin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-4114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharun</surname><given-names>Makhmud I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харун</surname><given-names>Махмуд</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Reinforced Concrete and Stone Structures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры железобетонных и каменных конструкций</p></bio><email>miharun@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-5786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gebre</surname><given-names>Tesfaldet H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гебре</surname><given-names>Тесфалдет Хадгембес</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Academy of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, ассистент, департамент строительства, инженерная академия</p></bio><email>tesfaldethg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Tehran</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тегеранский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 19, NO2 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 19, №2 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>233</fpage><lpage>250</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Hematibahar M., Esparham A., Vatin N.I., Kharun M.I., Gebre T.H.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Хематибахар М., Эспархам А., Ватин Н.И., Харун М.I., Гебре Т.Х.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hematibahar M., Esparham A., Vatin N.I., Kharun M.I., Gebre T.H.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хематибахар М., Эспархам А., Ватин Н.И., Харун М.I., Гебре Т.Х.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/35859">https://journals.rudn.ru/structural-mechanics/article/view/35859</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The objective of the research is to study the effect of different additives on the conventional concrete. In this term, three types of materials have been added to the concrete: gelatin powder as the binder, recycled aggregates, and almond shell as the fine and coarse aggregates. Several experiments have been made tо determine physical and mechanical properties, such as test for compressive and tensile strengths, for impact loading strength, durability test (water absorption) and deep penetration tests. Moreover, the microstructure results for the new type of concrete have been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The results show that when 70 kg of gelatin powder is added to 1 m3 of concrete, the concrete’s compressive strength and tensile strength are improved more than 22%; during impact loading the first and ultimate cracks are 11 and 129 by numbers, and the first and ultimate cracks’ strength is more than 223 and 2346 J respectively. The durability of sample from concrete with additional gelatin has been improved. SEM results illustrate that the weakness of almond shell concrete is related to cracks and voids between the cement matrix and almond shell. The voids of gelatin concrete are higher than that of conventional concrete. The conventional concrete has smooth crystals, and gelatin concrete has sharp and cubic crystals. EDXS results show that chemical content of these two types of concrete is different: conventional concrete contains silicon, while EDXS results show that chemical content of these two types of concrete is different: conventional concrete contains silicon, while gelatin concrete contains calcium and also C-S-H gel is generated in it.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Цель исследования - определить влияние различных добавок на свойства обычного бетона. В бетонную смесь внесены три вида добавок: желатиновый порошок в качестве связующего, вторичные заполнители и миндальная скорлупа в качестве мелкого и крупного заполнителей. Проведено исследование по определению физико-механических свойств бетона с указанными добавками: прочности на сжатие и растяжение, испытания на ударную нагрузку, на долговечность (водопоглощение) и на глубину проникновения влаги в бетон. Микроструктура бетона изучена с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии (SEM) и энергодисперсионной рентгеновской спектроскопии (EDXS). Установлено, что при добавлении 70 кг желатинового порошка на 1 м3 бетона его прочность на сжатие и растяжение увеличилась более чем на 22 %; под действием ударной нагрузки начальное и предельное количество трещин составляет 11 и 129, а начальная и предельная прочность трещинообразования - более 223 и 2346 Дж соответственно. Кроме того, показатели долговечности лучше у бетона с добавлением желатина. Результаты, полученные при помощи SEM, демонстрируют, что пониженная прочность бетона с добавлением миндальной скорлупы связана с трещинами и пустотами между цементной матрицей и миндальной скорлупой. Пустоты в бетоне с желатином выше, чем в обычном бетоне. Структура обычного бетона имеет вид гладких кристаллов, а бетона с желатином - острые и кубические кристаллы. Результаты, полученные с помощью EDXS, показали различие в химическом составе: обычный бетон содержит кремний, тогда как бетон с добавкой желатина в вышеуказанных пропорциях содержит кальций и в нем образуется гель C-S-H.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>conventional concrete</kwd><kwd>gelatin powder</kwd><kwd>almond shell</kwd><kwd>recycled aggregates</kwd><kwd>impact loading</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обычный бетон</kwd><kwd>желатиновый порошок</kwd><kwd>миндальная скорлупа</kwd><kwd>переработанные заполнители</kwd><kwd>ударная нагрузка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Forouzandeh J.M., Jahangiri A., Jamekhorshid A. Experimental investigation on the durability of metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete in aggressive environments. Research Square. 2022. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2247685/v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Abdollahnejad Z., Kheradmand M., Pacheco-Torgal F. Short-term compressive strength of fly ash and waste glass alkali-activated cement based binder (AACB) mortars with two biopolymers. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2017;29(7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001920</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Aliabdo A.A.M., Abd A.E., Emam A.M. Factors affecting the mechanical properties of alkali activated ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2019;197:339-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.086</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Kuri J.C., Hosan A., Shaikh F.U.A., Biswas W.K. The effect of recycled waste glass as a coarse aggregate on the properties of Portland cement concrete and geopolymer concrete. Buildings. 2023;13(3):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030586</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>He Z., Hu H., Casanova I., Liang C., Du S. Effect of shrinkage reducing admixture on creep of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2020;254:119312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Guedes M., Evangelista L., de Brito J., Ferro A.C. Microstructural characterization of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2013;19(5):1222-1230. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613001463</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Imtiaz I., Kashif-ur-Rehman S., Alalou W., Nazir K., Javed M., Aslam F., Musarat M. Life cycle impact as-sessment of recycled aggregate concrete, geopolymer concrete, and recycled aggregate-based geopolymer concrete. Sustainability. 2021;13(24):13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J., Zhao Y., Li X., Li Y., Dong H. Experimental study on seismic performance of recycled aggregate concrete shear wall with high-strength steel bars. Structures. 2021;33:1457-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Waqas R.M., Butt F., Danish A., Alqurashi M., Mosaberpanah M.A., Masood B., Hussein E.E. Influence of bentonite on mechanical and durability properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete with natural and recycled aggregates. Materials. 2021;14(24):7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247790</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Gunasekaran K., Annadurai R., Kumarb P.S. Study on reinforced lightweight coconut shell concrete beam behavior under shear. Materials and Design. 2013;50:293-301. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Galishnikova V.V., Elroba S.M., Dayoub N., Sakna A. Use of natural compounds as a nutrition for bacteria in self-healing mortar. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2022;18(1):54-63. http://doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2022-18-1-54-63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gunasekaran K., Kumar P. S., Lakshmipathy M. Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2011;25:92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hilal N., Sahab M.-F., Mohammad Ali T.-K. Fresh and hardened properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete containing walnut shells as coarse aggregate. Journal of King Saud University. Engineering Science. 2020;(33):364-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2020.01.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Alaneme G.U., Mbadike E.M. Experimental investigation of Bambara nutshell ash in the production of concrete and mortar. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 2021;6:66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00445-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kong J., Ni S., Guo C., Chen M., Quan H. Impacts from waste oyster shell on the durability and biological attachment of recycled aggregate porous concrete for artificial reef. Materials. 2022;15:6117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma15176117</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Raja K.C.P., Thaniarasu I., Elkotb M.A., Ansari K., Saleel C.A. Shrinkage study and strength aspects of concrete with foundry sand and coconut shell as a partial replacement for coarse and fine aggregate. Materials. 2021;14:7420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237420</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Soriano L., Font A., Tashima M.M., Monzó J., Borrachero M.-V., Bonifácio T., Payá J. Almond-shell biomass ash (ABA): a greener alternative to the use of commercial alkaline reagents in alkali-activated cement. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;290:123251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123251</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bigi A., Bracci B., Panzavolta S. Effect of added gelatin on the properties of calcium phosphate cement. Biomaterials. 2004;25:2893-2899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.059</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Nuaklong P., Wongsa A., Sata V., Boonserm K., Sanjayan J., Chindaprasirt P. Properties of high-calcium and low-calcium  y ash combination geopolymer mortar containing recycled aggregate. Heliyon. 2019;5:e02513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02513</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar C.A., Gope P.C., Singh V.K., Verma A., Rajiv Suman A. Thermal analysis of epoxy-based coconut fiber-almond shell particle reinforced bio composites. advances in manufacturing science and technology. 2014;38(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/amst-2014-0009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Erofeev V.T., Kaznacheev S.V., Pankratova E.V., Seleznev V.A., Tyuryahina T.P. Physical and mechanical properties of pre-bound aggregate composites. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2022;18(5):399-406. https://doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2022-18-5-399-406</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Frolov K.E. Experimental studies of reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures strengthened with composite materials. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2019;15(3):237-242. https://doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-3-237-242</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kharun M., Ehsani A., Nasimi S., Gebre T.H. Properties and behavior of light hydrophobic concrete. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2021;17(3):299-307. https://doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-3-299-307</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Rehman W., Majeed A., Mehra R., Bhushan S., Rani P., Chand K., Bast F. Gelatin: a comprehensive report covering its indispensable aspects. Natural Polymers: Derivatives, Blends and Composites. Nova Science Publishers; 2016. p. 209-222.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kharun M., Al Araza H.A.A., Hematibahar M., Al Daini R., Manoshin A.A. Experimental study on the effect of chopped basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of high-performance concrete. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2022;1:2559. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Hematibahar M. Crack resistance in basalt fibred high-performance concrete (M.Sc. thesis). Moscow: RUDN University; 2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hasanzadeh A., Vatin N.I., Hematibahar M., Kharun M., Shooshpasha I. Prediction of the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced high-performance concrete using machine learning techniques. Materials. 2022;15(20):7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207165</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Hematibahar M., Vatin N.I., Alaraza H.A.A., Khalilavi A., Kharun M. The prediction of compressive strength and compressive stress-strain of basalt fiber reinforced high-performance concrete using classical programming and logistic map algorithm. Materials. 2022;19(15):6975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma15196975</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
