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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis as a basic research orientation: Key methodological problems</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный подход как базовая исследовательская ориентация: ключевые методологические проблемы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Narbut</surname><given-names>N P</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарбут</surname><given-names>Николай Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sociology Chair</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра социологии</p></bio><email>npnarbut@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trotsuk</surname><given-names>I V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Троцук</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sociology Chair</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра социологии</p></bio><email>irina_trotsuk@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 15, NO4 (2015)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 15, №4 (2015)</issue-title><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, N P Narbut, I V Trotsuk</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Социология</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">N P Narbut, I V Trotsuk</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Социология</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/6135">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/6135</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To date, the Sociological Laboratory of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia has accumulated a vast experience in the field of cross-cultural studies reflected in the publications based on the results of mass surveys conducted in Moscow, Maikop, Beijing, Guangzhou, Prague, Belgrade, and Pristina. However, these publications mainly focus on the comparisons of the empirical data rather than methodological and technical issues, that is why the aim of this article is to identify key problems of the comparative analysis in cross-cultural studies that become evident only if you conduct an empirical research yourself - from the first step of setting the problem and approving it by all the sides (countries) involved to the last step of interpreting and comparing the data obtained. The authors are sure that no sociologist would ever doubt the necessity and importance of comparative analysis in the broadest sense of the word, but at the same time very few are ready to discuss its key methodological challenges and prefer to ignore them completely. We summarize problems of the comparative analysis in sociology as follows: (1) applying research techniques to the sample in another country - both in translating and adapting them to different social realities and worldview (in particular, the problematic status of standardization and qualitative approach); (2) choosing “right” respondents to question and relevant cases (cultures) to study; (3) designing the research scheme, i.e. justifying the sequence of steps (what should go first - methodology or techniques); (4) accepting the procedures that are correct within one country for cross-cultural work (whether or not that is an appropriate choice).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На сегодняшний день Социологическая лаборатория Российского университета дружбы народов обладает огромным опытом в сфере проведения сравнительных исследований, частично отраженным в публикациях авторов по результатам массовых опросов, реализованных в Москве, Майкопе, Пекине, Гуанчжоу, Праге, Белграде и Приштине. Однако в большинстве своем эти работы фокусируются на сопоставительном анализе эмпирических данных, а не на методологических и методических аспектах кросс-культурных исследований. Цель статьи - обозначить базовые проблемы сравнительных исследований, которые зачастую становятся очевидны только в том случае, если вы сами реализуете социологический проект - начиная с формулировки исследовательской проблемы и согласования ее теоретической и эмпирической интерпретации со всеми сторонами (участвующими в исследовании странами) и заканчивая интерпретацией и сравнением полученных данных. Авторы статьи уверены, что сегодня никто из социологов не будет оспаривать важность и нужность сравнительных исследований, однако мало кто заинтересован в обсуждении методологических проблем сопоставительного анализа. На наш взгляд, ключевые проблемы сравнительных исследований можно объединить в следующие группы: (1) использование разработанного для одной страны инструментария в ином социокультурном контексте (трудности перевода и адаптации вопросов к иным социальным реалиям и мировоззренческим схемам; проблемный статус стандартизации и качественного подхода); 2) отбор «правильных» респондентов и релевантных кейсов (культур); 3) разработка дизайна исследования, или обоснование последовательности шагов (что следует делать первым - выбирать методологию или методику); 4) применение апробированных во внутристрановом контексте методик для кросс-культурных проектов (насколько это возможно в принципе и для конкретных проектов в частности).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>comparative analysis</kwd><kwd>cross-cultural study</kwd><kwd>quantitative and qualitative approach</kwd><kwd>methodological principles and challenges</kwd><kwd>technical decisions</kwd><kwd>comparability</kwd><kwd>linguistic, functional and pragmatic equivalence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сравнительный анализ</kwd><kwd>кросс-культурное исследование</kwd><kwd>количественный и качественный подходы</kwd><kwd>методологические принципы и проблемы</kwd><kwd>методические решения</kwd><kwd>сопоставимость данных</kwd><kwd>лингвистическая, функциональная и прагматическая эквивалентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Allardt E. 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