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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50949</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2026-26-2-618-627</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XMTWWA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологический лекторий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sociology of education and philosophy of critical thinking: Developing civil responsibility of young people</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Социология образования и философия критического мышления: возможности формирования гражданской ответственности молодежи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isak</surname><given-names>N. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исак</surname><given-names>Нурсултан Оразбекович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">старший преподаватель кафедры философии</bio><email>issak_no@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tumashbay</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тумашбай</surname><given-names>Талгат Еркинулы</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор философии, доцент и заведующий кафедрой философии</bio><email>tumashbai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mukhtar Auezov South Kazakhstan Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Казахстанский исследовательский университет имени Мухтара Ауезова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>618</fpage><lpage>627</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Isak N.O., Tumashbay T.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Исак Н.О., Тумашбай Т.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Isak N.O., Tumashbay T.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исак Н.О., Тумашбай Т.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/50949">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/50949</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides a theoretical-methodological basis for developing civil responsibility of the youth through a synthesis of sociology of education and philosophy of critical thinking. The authors consider contradictions between social demand for active citizenship and ritualized educational practices, which often reproduce passivity and conformism. The proposed integrative approach combines structural analysis of sociology of education and subject-activity perspective of philosophy of critical thinking. The article describes the structural barriers that determine the conformist “school habitus”: reproduction of social inequality through cultural capital (P. Bourdieu) and unintended but negative consequences of rational choice (R. Boudon) contribute to the formation of the conformist, adaptive school habitus. Critical thinking as a set of cognitive skills and social-ethical dispositions is considered as a conceptual counterweight. Critical thinking and reflection integrated into the educational process can help overcome the so-called symbolic violence of educational institutions and transform citizenship from mere memorization of rules into conscious and independent action. The proposed interdisciplinary approach defines civil responsibility as a dynamic result of the interaction between institutional structures and individual reflective work.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена теоретико-методологическому обоснованию формирования гражданской ответственности молодежи через синтез социологии образования и философии критического мышления. Исследованы противоречия между социальным запросом на активную гражданскую позицию и ритуализированными практиками образования, которые зачастую воспроизводят пассивность и конформизм. Предложен интегративный подход, объединяющий структурный анализ социологии образования и субъектно-деятельностную перспективу философии критического мышления. В работе описаны структурные барьеры, которые формируют конформный «школьный габитус»: воспроизводство социального неравенства через культурный капитал (П. Бурдье), а также непреднамеренные, но негативные последствия рационального выбора (Р. Будон) способствуют формированию у учащихся конформного, приспособительного школьного габитуса. В качестве концептуального противовеса рассматривается критическое мышление - как набор когнитивных навыков и социально-этических диспозиций. Критическое мышление и рефлексия, интегрированные в образовательный процесс, могут помочь преодолеть так называемое символическое насилие со стороны образовательных институтов и превратить гражданственность из простого заучивания правил в осознанное и самостоятельное действие. Предложенный междисциплинарный подход определяет гражданскую ответственность как динамичный результат взаимодействия институциональных структур и индивидуальной рефлексивной работы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sociology of education</kwd><kwd>critical thinking</kwd><kwd>civil responsibility</kwd><kwd>youth</kwd><kwd>civil society</kwd><kwd>educational practices</kwd><kwd>reflection-activity model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социология образования</kwd><kwd>критическое мышление</kwd><kwd>гражданская ответственность</kwd><kwd>молодежь</kwd><kwd>гражданское общество</kwd><kwd>образовательные практики</kwd><kwd>рефлексивно-деятельностная модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p><span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="0:1">The</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="2:6">article</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="9:11">mentions</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="21:12">Stanford</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="34:11">University</span><span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="45:1">,</span> which was <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="47:9">included</span> by the <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="57:13">Ministry</span> of <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="71:7">Justice</span> of the Russian <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="79:2">Federation</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="82:1">in</span> the <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="84:8">list</span> of <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="93:11">organizations</span> whose <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="106:12">activities</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="119:7">are</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="127:8">considered</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="136:13">undesirable</span> in <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="150:2">the</span> <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="153:10">territory</span> of the Russian <span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="164:2">Federation</span><span class="YPkS7KbdpWfGdYKd3QB9" data-src-align="166:1">.</span></p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье упоминается Стэнфордский университет, внесенный Министерством юстиции РФ в перечень организаций, деятельность которых признана нежелательной на территории РФ.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dewey J. 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