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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">37278</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-4-851-865</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DLIPUS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологический лекторий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sociological study of cyber threats as an integrated part of the general data protection regulation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Социологическое исследование киберугроз как составная часть общего регулирования защиты данных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muqsith</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муксит</surname><given-names>Мунадхил Абдул</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">профессор коммуникологии, заведующий кафедрой коммуникативной науки</bio><email>munadhil@upnvj.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muzykant</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Музыкант</surname><given-names>Валерий Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор социологических наук, профессор кафедры массовых коммуникаций</bio><email>vmouzyka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pratomo</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пратомо</surname><given-names>Ризки Ридхо</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">младший научный сотрудник факультета социальных и политических наук</bio><email>rizkyridho0897@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Indonesia University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">UPN Университет Джакарты</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 23, NO4 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 23, №4 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>851</fpage><lpage>865</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Muqsith M.A., Muzykant V.L., Pratomo R.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Муксит М.А., Музыкант В.Л., Пратомо Р.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Muqsith M.A., Muzykant V.L., Pratomo R.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Муксит М.А., Музыкант В.Л., Пратомо Р.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/37278">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/37278</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Sociology studies society and the patterns of its development, social processes, institutions, relations, structures, communities and certain cultural values which determine its development. Sociology also studies human behavior - how it affects society, and how people behave in social groups. There are many understandings of sovereignty in academic circles but mainly as absolute and hierarchical. As time passes, the concept of sovereignty, which prioritizes territory, has begun to lose relevance due to massive technological developments. In the context of technology and national security, territorial rules are irrelevant for three reasons: technology makes consistent and predictable territorial definitions difficult, data often moves in ways unrelated to the interests of users and legislators, and technology makes it easier for public and private actors to circumvent territorial rules, often without detection [12]. Another consequence of technological development is new actors with strong international influence due to globalization, free markets, and technological developments. Of all these actors, the most interesting are multinational companies. They do not operate on a territorial basis, which creates problems of jurisdictional asymmetry, overlap and control rather than of sovereignty in its formal sense [40]. Is sovereignty still relevant for the state? Since the advent of the Internet, the relevance of the nation-state concept has been questioned, and state actors have gradually lost their dominance. The Internet supports many international actors, and technology companies are the most significant. Their domination creates economic, legal, political, and social challenges; thereby, the state tries to regulate technology companies. The authors argue that the state sovereignty is still relevant despite many arguments saying otherwise. The paper explains the relevancy of the state sovereignty by presenting two cases: the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the New Media Bargaining Code (NMBC). The nation-state demonstrates its sovereignty by the law affecting national companies; thus, showing that the state can restrain the power of technology companies, i.e., state sovereignty is still relevant in the contemporary era.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Социология изучает общество и особенности его развития, социальные процессы, институты, отношения, структуры, сообщества и те культурные ценности, которые обусловливают их изменения. В то же время социология анализирует и человеческое поведение - как оно воздействует на макроструктуры и как люди ведут себя в разных социальных группах. Не игнорирует социология и вопрос суверенитета: в научной литературе этот феномен имеет множество определений, но большинство подчеркивает его абсолютный и иерархический характер. В ходе истории трактовка суверенитета как территориально обусловленного постепенно утрачивала свою релевантность под влиянием технологического прогресса. Сегодня, в контексте вопросов технологического развития и национальной безопасности, территориальные правила не работают по трем причинам: технологии затрудняют формулировку последовательных и предсказуемых территориальных определений; информация часто распространяется вопреки интересам пользователей и законодателей; технологии позволяют государственным и частным акторам нарушать территориальные правила, причем часто они делают это незаметно [12]. Другое следствие технологического развития - появление новых акторов с сильным международным влиянием благодаря глобализации, свободным рынкам и инновациям. Среди этих акторов наибольший интерес представляют мультинациональные компании, работающие на внетерриториальной основе, что создает проблемы скорее юрисдикции, чем суверенитета в его формальной трактовке [40]. Но остается ли тогда суверенитет релевантным понятием для государства? С приходом Интернета концепт национального государства подвергается критике, поскольку его акторы утрачивают прежнее доминирование. Интернет поддерживает власть многих международных акторов, но наиболее значимые среди них - технологические компании. Их доминирование порождает вызовы экономического, юридического, политического и социального характера, а потому государство пытается регулировать их деятельность. Авторы утверждают, что государственный суверенитет все еще релевантное понятие, несмотря на массу противоположных аргументов. В качестве обоснования в статье приведены два примера: Общий регламент по защите данных (ОРЗД) и Кодекс сделок для новых медиа (КСНМ). Национальное государство демонстрирует свой суверенитет, принимая законы, которые регулируют деятельность крупных компаний, т.е. ограничивая власть технологических гигантов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyber threats</kwd><kwd>data sovereignty</kwd><kwd>digital era</kwd><kwd>technology companies</kwd><kwd>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</kwd><kwd>New Media Bargaining Code (NMBC)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кибер-угрозы</kwd><kwd>информационный суверенитет</kwd><kwd>цифровая эпоха</kwd><kwd>технологические компании</kwd><kwd>Общий регламент по защите данных (ОРЗД)</kwd><kwd>Кодекс сделок для новых медиа (КСНМ)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adams J., Albakajai M. Cyberspace: A new threat to the sovereignty of the state. Management Studies. 2016; 4 (6).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Albrecht J.P. 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