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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">35230</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-294-315</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TACHXV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологический лекторий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Herzen contra Marx: In search for a diagonal</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Герцен против Маркса: поиск диагонали</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabaga</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабага</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор философских наук, профессор кафедры теории и истории международных отношений</bio><email>shabaga-av@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 23, NO2 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 23, №2 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>294</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-05"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Shabaga A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Шабага А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shabaga A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шабага А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/35230">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/35230</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The first half of the 19th century was a period of dissidence and alternative social movements in Europe. The most famous and influential dissidents were A.I. Herzen and K. Marx. Both were supporters of socialism and founded movements that were destined to radically change the social life of the European East and West. They developed those social constructs of the future that are still in demand, since socialist and social-democratic ideas largely determine the contemporary political landscape. At first, both supported liberalism but later declared it unconstructive. Herzen criticized liberals for inventing the people rather than studying them and for demanding that everyone would become homo politicus to solve social problems. Marx became a preacher of dictatorship as the only way to build a just society in Europe, and often practiced authoritarianism which Herzen criticized. Herzen also criticized liberalism for its latent individualism and searched for a path to democratically reorganize the Russian society, which he considered mainly in the collectivist spirit. The author focuses on Herzen’s attempt to prove the possibility of bypassing the bourgeois formation of Marx by a ‘diagonal’ transition from pre-capitalism to socialism. Herzen considered capitalism a social failure, a ‘historical dislocation’ that developed in Western Europe but affected all peoples of the world. Herzen proposed an alternative construct with a certain potential for anticapitalist associations constantly emerging in various regions of the world - they try to create selfgoverning communities free from the shortcomings of bourgeois democracy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Первая половина XIX века была периодом развития инакомыслия и общественных движений в Европе. К наиболее известным и влиятельным диссидентам того периода можно отнести А.И. Герцена и К. Маркса. Оба были сторонниками социализма и основали движения, которым было суждено коренным образом изменить общественную жизнь европейского Востока и Запада. Социальные конструкты будущего, разработанные ими, до сих пор востребованы - социалистические и социал-демократические идеи во многом определяют современный политический ландшафт. Будучи в молодости приверженцами либерализма, позже Герцен и Маркс отказались от этой концепции, сочтя ее неконструктивной. Герцен подверг либералов критике за то, что они выдумывают народ, а не изучают его, и требуют, чтобы все без исключения стали homo politicus и занялись решением общественных вопросов. Маркс стал проповедником диктатуры как единственного способа построения справедливого общества в Европе. Он часто практиковал авторитаризм, за что его критиковал Герцен. Переболев либерализмом, Герцен стал относиться к нему критически и потому, что осознал его латентный индивидуализм. Герцен искал пути переустройства российского общества в демократии, понимая ее, главным образом, как выражение коллективистского духа. Особый интерес представляет попытка Герцена обосновать возможность миновать буржуазную формацию Маркса посредством «диагонального» перехода от докапиталистического общества к социализму. Герцен считал капитализм социальной неудачей, «историческим вывихом», который, развившись в Западной Европе, затронул все народы мира. Альтернативный конструкт, предложенный Герценом, имеет потенциал для антикапиталистических объединений, постоянно возникающих в разных регионах мира, - они пытаются создать самоуправляющиеся общины, лишенные недостатков буржуазной демократии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Herzen</kwd><kwd>Marx</kwd><kwd>social theories</kwd><kwd>communal socialism</kwd><kwd>communism</kwd><kwd>anti-capitalism</kwd><kwd>anti-liberalism</kwd><kwd>‘diagonal’ path of development</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Герцен</kwd><kwd>Маркс</kwd><kwd>социальные теории</kwd><kwd>общинный социализм</kwd><kwd>коммунизм</kwd><kwd>антикапитализм</kwd><kwd>антилиберализм</kwd><kwd>«диагональный» путь развития</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adorno T. Negativnaya dialektika [Negative Dialectics]. Moscow; 2003. 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