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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">31351</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-2-387-403</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологический лекторий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Невербальные признаки образа личности: коммуникативные значения выражений лица</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharkov</surname><given-names>F. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарков</surname><given-names>Феликс Изосимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор социологических наук, профессор кафедры социологии Московского государственного института международных отношений (университета) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации; заведующий кафедрой общественных связей и медиаполитики факультета журналистики Института государственной службы и управления Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</p></bio><email>sharkov_felix@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Silkin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силкин</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор политических наук, декан факультета журналистики Института государственной службы и управления</p></bio><email>vv.silkin@igsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireeva</surname><given-names>O. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреева</surname><given-names>Ольга Феликсовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат социологических наук, доцент кафедры информационных технологий факультета журналистики Института государственной службы и управления</p></bio><email>kirolga08@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 22, NO2 (2022)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 22, №2 (2022)</issue-title><fpage>387</fpage><lpage>403</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Sharkov F.I., Silkin V.V., Kireeva O.F.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Шарков Ф.И., Силкин В.В., Киреева О.Ф.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sharkov F.I., Silkin V.V., Kireeva O.F.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шарков Ф.И., Силкин В.В., Киреева О.Ф.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/31351">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/31351</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Abstact. There is a lot of evidence that most people are capable of recognizing emotions by facial expressions. What information does a facial expression usually provide? Can emotions be shown without facial expressions? Can there be facial expressions without a corresponding emotional state? Are there individual facial expressions? The studies of various aspects of non-verbal communication show both similarities and differences in non-verbal behavior. It is argued that similarities are most evident at the individual level, when the focus is on the objective, formal features of behavior, while differences are more likely to be found when the analysis focuses on the relationship between individuals and interpersonal meanings of behavior. Despite the rapid expansion of research on non-verbal communication, most of it describes simple differences in the display of non-verbal signals. Although they differ in almost every other respect, most facial measurement methods focus on what is seen, on what the researcher can identify when seeing some facial movements. Most of the research methods applied are not sufficient for the study of this complex, multidimensional issue. Like all basic studies of communicative processes, proxemics is more about how than why, and more about structure than content. The article focuses on the question whether non-verbal behavior reflects cultural similarities or differences, and whether different levels of analysis allow to observe both cultural homogeneity and diversity inherent in most acts of non-verbal behavior. The authors consider the data of laboratory experiments on the relationship between emotions and adults’ facial expressions: some studies confirm the high consistency between fun and smiling, and from the low to moderate consistency between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence on surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their ‘traditional’ facial expressions or even some components of such expressions only in a minority of cases. The American anthropologist, one of the founders of kinesics, Birdwhistell introduced this term for the complex study of facial expressions, poses, gait, and visible movements of arms and body. Birdwhistell argues that body language is determined by cultural environment rather than universal genetic programs. Birdwhistell defines kinesics as “the study of body-motion as related to the nonverbal aspects of interpersonal communication”. He argues that communication with body motion is systemic, socially learned and communicative unless proven otherwise. The article considers in detail the works and theories of Birdwhistell who often had to admit that some of his ideas were controversial. The authors conclude that Birdwhistell’s works have serious mistakes, and other researchers failed to develop his theory of kinesics. Thus, the authors consider the research in this field focusing on the so-called recognition of the communicative meanings of facial expressions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Существует множество свидетельств, что большинство людей вполне способны распознавать эмоции по лицу. Какую информацию обычно передает выражение лица? Могут ли проявляться эмоции без изменения выражения лица? Могут ли на лице отражаться эмоциональные признаки при отсутствии соответствующего эмоционального состояния человека? Существуют ли индивидуальные отличительные выражения эмоций на лице? На эти вопросы авторы стараются ответить в статье. Анализ результатов исследований различных аспектов невербальной коммуникации показывает наличие как сходств, так и различий в проявлениях невербального поведения. Считается, что сходства наиболее очевидны, когда анализ проводится на уровне индивида и основное внимание уделяется объективным, формальным свойствам поведения; различия с большей вероятностью обнаруживаются, когда анализ проводится на уровне отношений между индивидами, т.е. акцент делается на межличностном значении поведения. Несмотря на то, что они отличаются почти во всех других отношениях, большинство методов измерения выражений лица сосредоточены на том, что видно, что исследователь может различить, когда видит движение лица. Как и все базовые исследования коммуникативного процесса, проксемика больше связана с как, чем почему, и со структурой, нежели с содержанием. Статья фокусируется на вопросе, отражает ли невербальное поведение культурные сходства и различия. Учет уровней анализа позволяет наблюдать как культурную однородность, так и разнообразие, присущее большинству актов невербального поведения. В статье рассмотрены данные лабораторных экспериментов, оценивающих взаимосвязи между эмоциями и выражениями лица у взрослых. В последние десятилетия исследования невербальной коммуникации начали смещаться от описания того, что делают разные люди, к более систематическому анализу контекстуальных аспектов невербального поведения, поскольку межкультурные недопонимания часто бывают следствием незнания элементарных основ языка тела, в частности физиогномики. Американский антрополог, один из основателей кинесики, Р. Бердвистел считал, что язык тела большей частью определяется культурной средой, а не универсальными генетическими программами, и в статье разбираются работы Бердвистела, в частности, часто критикуемые его идеи.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>emotions</kwd><kwd>facial expressions</kwd><kwd>emotional state</kwd><kwd>non-verbal communication</kwd><kwd>nonverbal behavior</kwd><kwd>facial measurement methods</kwd><kwd>proxemics</kwd><kwd>cultural similarities and differences</kwd><kwd>kinesics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эмоции</kwd><kwd>выражения лица</kwd><kwd>невербальная коммуникация</kwd><kwd>невербальное поведение</kwd><kwd>методы измерения выражений лица</kwd><kwd>проксемика</kwd><kwd>культурные сходства и различия</kwd><kwd>кинесика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bavelas J., Gerwing J., Healing S. 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