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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27412</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-457-468</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, Methodology and History of Sociological Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы истории, теории и методологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Classical and contemporary approaches to the study of solidarity: Challenges and perspectives under destructuration</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Классические и современные подходы к исследованию солидарности: проблемы и перспективы в условиях деструктурации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Павел Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат социологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института образования</p></bio><email>psorokin@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажер-исследователь Института образования</p></bio><email>tapopova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO3 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №3 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>457</fpage><lpage>468</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Sorokin P.S., Popova T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Сорокин П.С., Попова Т.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sorokin P.S., Popova T.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сорокин П.С., Попова Т.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/27412">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/27412</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Since the 19th century, when the development of the ‘modern society’ accelerated, social cohesion factors have become relevant for theory and practice. Such issues as the national states’ development and emerging political parties, the division of labor and class and professional forms of solidarity have formed the agenda of both academic and policymaking debates. In recent decades, there has been another round of interest in the study of social cohesion and sustainability under de-colonization, emancipation, inequality and technological changes. Under the global pandemic, the issue of solidarity has become particularly acute. The covid-19 has created a new reality: millions of people live in the forced social isolation, and such key social institutions as education, culture and healthcare have been reconstructed with the usual forms of interpersonal interaction eliminated. This situation requires rethinking the rights and obligations of individuals together with the forms of appropriate social control and regulation. For instance, the ability of individuals to take initiative at the micro-level (like volunteer projects) turned out to be especially important for the public well-being. The authors consider the research on solidarity in social sciences taking into account the current trends of structural instability or ‘destructuration’. The authors analyze both classical theories of solidarity and contemporary related concepts to prove that microsociology focuses primarily on the reproduction of social structures rather than on their transformation by proactive individual or group agency. Moreover, the tradition of structural macro-analysis also ignores the formation of solidarity at the micro-level. The authors refer to the works of P.A. Sorokin and M. Archer who consider individuals as capable of proactive formation of solidarity. In contemporary studies, the authors identify two main approaches to the analysis of solidarity - rational and structure-determined, and analyze other prospective approaches developing at the intersection of philosophy and psychology. The authors conclude by suggesting some directions in the study of the solidarity-oriented individual action and its impact on societal development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Начиная с XIX века, когда проходило становление общества модерного типа с характерными для него системами стратификации, вопрос о факторах социальной сплоченности стал актуален для теории и практики, например, с точки зрения формирования национальных государств и гражданских идентичностей, разделения труда и развития классовых и профессиональных форм солидарности [3]. В последние десятилетия наблюдается новый виток интереса к социальной сплоченности, устойчивости и «связности» в контексте обострившихся проблем деколонизации, эмансипации и неравенства, в том числе на фоне технологических изменений [35]. В условиях пандемии вопросы солидарности стали особенно актуальны: миллионы людей оказались в вынужденной социальной изоляции, а такие ключевые социальные институты, как образование, культура и здравоохранение, стремительно перестроились, практически исключив привычные форматы межличностного взаимодействия (1). Эта ситуация заставила переосмыслить права и обязанности граждан, а также формы социального контроля и инфорсмента [47]. Особенно важной для общественного благополучия стала способность граждан к инициативному действию на микроуровне (например, волонтерство) [1]. Авторы рассматривают солидарность и связанные с ней вопросы сплоченности, социальной связности и т.п. через призму современных тенденций структурной неустойчивости, или деструктурации. В наиболее известных и влиятельных разработках микросоциологии основным предметом внимания является не столько формирование или изменение солидарности через инициативное индивидуальное и групповое действие, сколько ее воспроизводство. Исследования, развивающие традиции структурного анализа с макросоциологических позиций, также оставляют без внимания формирование солидарности «снизу». Авторы уделяют особое внимание теориям П.А. Сорокина и М. Арчер, которые считают индивида способным к обеспечению солидарности вопреки институциональному давлению. В статье обозначены два основных подхода к изучению солидарности - рационалистический и структурный, которые по-новому интерпретируют и развивают идеи Э. Дюркгейма и Ф. Хайека, отмечены и другие разработки на стыке с философией и психологией, которые отчасти близки идеям Арчер и Сорокина. Авторы обосновывают необходимость более глубокого изучения возможностей солидарно-ориентированного индивидуального трансформирующего действия по отношению к структуре.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>solidarity</kwd><kwd>social cohesion</kwd><kwd>social institutions</kwd><kwd>destructuration</kwd><kwd>transformative agency</kwd><kwd>structure-action</kwd><kwd>Pitirim Sorokin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>солидарность</kwd><kwd>социальная сплоченность</kwd><kwd>социальные институты</kwd><kwd>деструктурация</kwd><kwd>трансформирующая агентность</kwd><kwd>структура-действие</kwd><kwd>Питирим Сорокин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared in the framework of a research grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant ID: 075-15-2020-928).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках гранта, предоставленного Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (№ соглашения о предоставлении гранта: 075-15-2020-928).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avksentiev N.A. 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