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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">26823</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-365-376</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологический лекторий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Complex concepts with varying connotations: In search for conceptual definitions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сложные понятия с множественными коннотациями: в поисках концептуальных определений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trotsuk</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Троцук</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор социологических наук, профессор кафедры социологии Российского университета дружбы народов; ведущий научный сотрудник Центра аграрных исследований Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации; ведущий научный сотрудник Центра фундаментальной социологии Научно-исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики»</p></bio><email>irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University - Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO2 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №2 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>365</fpage><lpage>376</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Trotsuk I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Троцук И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trotsuk I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Троцук И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/26823">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/26823</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the fundamental challenges for sociology is the interpretation of its key terms, which is determined by the fact that many words of everyday language and scientific discourse are the same despite implying a much higher level of generalization as sociological categories. Certainly, such challenges are more typical for the empirical research - when sociologists turn their theoretical concepts into sets of empirical indicators which have to be clear enough for the respondent to understand and answer the questionnaire and for the sociologist to interpret these answers correctly. Nevertheless, the lack of generally recognized conceptual definitions is no less important, because the general picture of social reality is necessarily made of them (the society is described as either fair, consisting of trustworthy institutions that provide opportunities for being happy, or in the opposite statements). The article presents a possible reconstruction of the strategy that sociologists use in the search for conceptual definitions for such complex concepts with varying connotations as love, happiness, trust and justice. This strategy consists of two steps: focus on the macro-sociological dimension of the phenomena under study as determining its various manifestations and everyday interpretations (the key step in the study of love and happiness); and identification of objective and subjective indicators of the phenomenon under study (the key step in the study of trust and justice). For instance, in the study of love and happiness, there is the obvious micro-sociological perspective that implies personal responsibility for being happy and loved, and the hidden macro-sociological perspective that implies social standards for identifying and achieving love and happiness; trust is defined as a source of social order, cooperation, institutional, organizational and everyday interactions, which reduces the level of uncertainty; in the searches for the conceptual definition of justice, there are two main approaches - the first approach considers justice as one of many grounds for developing some theoretical model; the second approach reconstructs justice either as an ‘ideal’ political-philosophical model of social order or as a ‘means’ of the comparative analysis of its practical implementations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Одна из фундаментальных проблем социологического знания - определение своих основных понятий: многие слова повседневного языка и научного дискурса совпадают, несмотря на то что социологические категории предполагают более высокий уровень обобщения. Безусловно, проблема корректной интерпретации понятий более характерна для эмпирической работы - когда социологи превращают свои концепты в наборы эмпирических индикаторов, которые должны быть настолько понятны респондентам, чтобы они смогли ответить на вопросы анкеты в заданных исследователем контекстуальных рамках, а социологи смогли сделать по результатам анализа этих ответов обоснованные выводы. Тем не менее, отсутствие общепризнанных концептуальных определений - не менее важная проблема, потому что наше представление о социальной реальности конструируется именно из них (мы считаем общество справедливым, состоящим из институтов, которым мы доверяем и которые обеспечивают нам возможности стать счастливыми, или же придерживаемся противоположных оценок). В статье представлена возможная реконструкция стратегии поиска концептуальных определений таких сложных понятий с множественными коннотациями, как любовь, счастье, доверие и справедливость. Эта стратегия включает в себя два шага: фокусировку на макро-социологическом измерении рассматриваемого феномена, поскольку именно это измерение определяет его разнообразные проявления и повседневные трактовки (в изучении любви и счастья этот шаг является основным); определение объективных и субъективных индикаторов рассматриваемого феномена (ключевой шаг в исследовании доверия и справедливости). Так, в социологическом анализе любви и счастья микро-социологическая трактовка очевидна (личная ответственность за то, чтобы обрести счастье и любовь), а ее макро-социологическая детерминация - не всегда (социальная стандартизация критериев обретения счастья и любви); доверие выступает источником социального порядка, сотрудничества, институциональных, организационных и повседневных взаимодействий, который снижает уровень неопределенности; в поисках концептуального определения справедливости можно выделить два основных направления - справедливость выступает (1) одним из множества оснований некоей теоретической модели общества, (2) «идеальной» политико-философской моделью социального порядка или «инструментом» сравнительного анализа его разных версий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>complex concepts</kwd><kwd>varying connotations</kwd><kwd>conceptual definitions</kwd><kwd>love</kwd><kwd>happiness and (social) well-being</kwd><kwd>(social) trust</kwd><kwd>(social) justice</kwd><kwd>expert knowledge</kwd><kwd>social order</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сложные понятия</kwd><kwd>множественные коннотации</kwd><kwd>концептуальные определения</kwd><kwd>любовь</kwd><kwd>счастье и (социальное) благополучие</kwd><kwd>(социальное) доверие</kwd><kwd>(социальная) справедливость</kwd><kwd>экспертное знание</kwd><kwd>социальный порядок</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Project No. 20 011 00307 “Subjective and objective measurements of happiness: Justice as a criterion for personal and social well-being”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ. Проект № 20 011 00307 «Субъективное и объективное измерения счастья: справедливость как критерий личного и социального благополучия».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Argyle M. The Psychology of Happiness. Saint Petersburg; 2003. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bachmann R. At the crossroads: Future directions in trust research. Journal of Trust Research. 2011; 1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bauman Z. The Individualized Society. Malden; 2000.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Bauman Z. 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