<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25779</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-1-169-180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Sociological Essays</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социологические эссе</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Three questions to start the sociological study of heroism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Три вопроса в основе социологического изучения героизма</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trotsuk</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Троцук</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Subbotina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Субботина</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирантка кафедры социологии</p></bio><email>mariya.subbotina.1995@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-02-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO1 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>180</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Trotsuk I.V., Subbotina M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Троцук И.В., Субботина М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trotsuk I.V., Subbotina M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Троцук И.В., Субботина М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/25779">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/25779</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the understandable and predictable lack of sociological interest in the issues related to heroism, the search for clear and unambiguous conceptual and empirical definitions of the hero in the contemporary society seems to be a relevant sociological task, especially under the current pandemic which made the criteria of heroism interesting for the wider public. The authors briefly outline the main aspects of the traditional scientific interpretations of heroism as presented in the social-cultural narratives worldwide, and proceed to the issues that constitute the field of the sociological studies on heroism. The first research question is not so much a single definition of the hero as types of heroes based on social representations of when and how heroes ‘reveal’ themselves in decisions and actions. The authors rely on the traditional typologies of heroes usually based on the psychological aspects of heroic thinking and behavior to suggest a sociologically relevant typology based on both literature and the Russian public opinion polls. This typology implies answers to the questions of why the society needs heroes and what makes someone a hero in the eyes of the society, and allows to better understand and to more precisely define the false/pseudo/antiheroism. The second research question is about the sources of images and understanding of heroism, which focuses on the mass media and especially cinema’s potential to represent certain social practices as heroic and to construct heroic images. The third research question is about the possibilities of the empirical sociological study of the types of heroes and their representation in the media (cinema). The authors argue that sociology should use its own methods (in a combination with techniques for studying the audience’s perception of movies) - content analysis and surveys, especially the unfinished sentences technique, and provide some examples of how this can be done, for instance, to compare the social representations of a ‘real hero’ and a ‘movie hero’ among different age groups and generations. The authors conclude with mentioning a new issue associated with heroism, which became evident under the pandemic - changes in the social representations of heroism determined by heroization of healthcare workers due to their selfless fight against the coronavirus epidemic.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на понятную и предсказуемую незаинтересованность социологов в проблематике героизма, поиск четких и однозначных концептуальных и эмпирических определений героя в современном обществе - важная социологическая задача, особенно в условиях нынешней пандемии, которая возродила интерес общественного мнения к критериям, которые позволяют называть человека героем в силу выполнения им социально важных задач (пусть и в рамках своих профессиональных обязанностей). Автор кратко характеризует основные элементы традиционной трактовки героизма - той, что прослеживается повсеместно в устойчивых социокультурных нарративах, и переходит к обозначению тех вопросов, что составляют предметное поле социологических исследований героизма. Первый вопрос заключается в поиске не столько единого определения героя, сколько типологии героев, основанной на социальных представлениях о том, когда и посредством каких действий и решений герои «раскрывают» свою суть. Автор отталкивается от традиционных типологий героев, которые подчеркивают психологические аспекты героического мышления и поведения, чтобы предложить собственную типологию на основе как литературы, так и российских опросов общественного мнения, - чтобы типология помогала искать ответы на вопросы, почему общество нуждается в героях, что именно делает человека героем в глазах общества и что такое лжегероизм. Второй исследовательский вопрос затрагивает источники образов и трактовок героизма и фокусируется на масс-медиа и особенно кино с точки зрения их способности конструировать образы героев и героических социальных практик. Третий исследовательский вопрос касается возможностей эмпирического социологического анализа типов героев и их репрезентации в масс-медиа (кино). Автор полагает, что социология должна опираться на собственную методологию (контент-анализ, опросы, особенно на основе метода неоконченных предложений), сочетая ее с методиками изучения зрительского восприятия, и приводит собственные примеры, позволяющие сопоставить социальные представления о «реальном» герое с кинообразами. В заключение автор отмечает формирование новой тематики в рассматриваемом предметном поле в условиях пандемии - изменения в социальных представлениях о героизме, обусловленные героизацией медицинских работников благодаря их самоотверженной работе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hero</kwd><kwd>types of heroism</kwd><kwd>definition of the hero</kwd><kwd>false hero</kwd><kwd>mass media</kwd><kwd>cinema</kwd><kwd>sociological methods</kwd><kwd>empirical study</kwd><kwd>survey</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>герой</kwd><kwd>типы героизма</kwd><kwd>определение героя</kwd><kwd>лжегерой</kwd><kwd>масс-медиа</kwd><kwd>кино</kwd><kwd>социологические методы</kwd><kwd>эмпирическое исследование</kwd><kwd>опрос</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared with the support of the “RUDN University Program 5-100”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при поддержке Программы РУДН «5-100».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arabov Yu.N. Cinematography and Theory of Perception. Moscow; 2003. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Barney D.D. The Network Society. Cambridge; 2004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Baudrillard J. Simulacra and simulations. Philosophy of the Postmodern Era. Minsk; 1996. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Bazin A. The evolution of the language of cinema. What is Cinema? Moscow; 1972 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Benjamin W. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Moscow; 1996. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Berger J. Public images. Pocheptsov G.G. Imageology. Moscow-Kiev; 2001. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Burlov A.V., Tatarova G.G. The unfinished sentences technique in the study of the image of a ‘cultivated man’. Sociology: 4M. 1997; 9. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Campbell J. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Moscow; 1997. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Cinematic Ghosts Haunting and Spectrality from Silent Cinema to the Digital Era. Leeder M. (Ed.). New York; 2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Cox C. ‘Healthcare heroes’: Problems with media focus on heroism from healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2020; 46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Debord G. The Society of the Spectacle. Moscow; 1999. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Dmitriev A.N. Cooperation of P. Lazarsfeld and T. Adorno in the study of mass communication. Sociological Journal. 1997; 3. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Dmitriev I. Content Analysis: Essence, Tasks, Procedures. Moscow; 2005. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Farley F. Heroism with capital and small letters. URL: https://www.psychologytoday.com. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Franco Z., Blau K., Zimbardo P. Heroism: A conceptual analysis and differentiation between heroic action and altruism. Review of General Psychology. 2011; 15 (2).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gibson J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Moscow; 1988. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Heroes and Villains of the Millennial Generation. Allison S.T. (Ed.). Richmond; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Heroes of the Year 2020. URL: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskiiobzor/geroi-goda-2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heroism and Wellbeing in the 21st Century. Applied and Emerging Perspectives. Efthimiou O., Allison S.T., Franco Z.E. (Eds.). New York; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ideas about the hero. 2017. URL: http://kantar-tns.com.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kabanov M.M., Lichko A.E., Smirnov V.M. Methods of Psychological Diagnostics and Correction in the Clinic. Leningrad; 1983. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Khrenov N.A. Interaction of Spectacular and Visual Forms in the Contemporary Culture. Moscow; 2014. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Klimova S.G. The use of the unfinished sentences technique in sociological research. Sociology 4M. 1995; 5-6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kostetska I. The Audience’s and Professional-Critical Perception of the Movie: Abstract of the PhD thesis. Saint Petersburg; 1990. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kuznetsov S.A. Unabridged Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Saint Petersburg; 1998. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Markina O.S. Social-Psychological Characteristics of Perception and Understanding of the Movie (on the example of R. Bykov’s ‘Scarecrow’): Abstract of the PhD thesis. Moscow; 2010. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Poselyagin N. Lotman’s cinema narratology and cinema phenomenology. URL: http://www.academia.edu/24255057/Cinonarratology_and_cinophenomenology_Lotman. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Prendergast C. Cinema sociology: Cultivating the sociological imagination through popular film. Teaching Sociology. 1986; 14 (4).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Shaposhnikova L.V. Wisdom of Ages. Moscow; 1996. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Shtain O.A. Mask as a Form of Identity: Introduction to Philosophy of Image. Saint Petersburg; 2013. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sonnevend J. A virus as an icon: The 2020 pandemic in images. American Journal of Cultural Sociology. 2020; 8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Sontag S. On Photography. Moscow; 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sztompka P. Visual Sociology. Photography as a Method of Research. Moscow; 2007. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Tarshis E.Ya. Prospects for the development of the content analysis method. Sociology: 4M. 2002; 15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Tatarova G.G. Methodology of Data Analysis in Sociology (Introduction). Moscow; 1998. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Trotsuk I. Discursive construction of social reality: Conceptual foundations and empirical devices for unmasking the ‘abominable’ practices. Sociological Review. 2014; 13 (2). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Trotsuk I.V. Textual Analysis in Sociology: Problems and Promises of Different Types of ‘Reading’ of Semi-Structured Data. Moscow; 2014. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Trotsuk I.V., Subbotina M.V. Assessment of cinematographic influence on social representations of heroism: Approbation of an approach. Communicology. 2018; 6 (4). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Trotsuk I.V., Subbotina M.V. Happiness and heroism, personal and collective as main elements of the ‘bright future’ in the Soviet (non)utopia. RUDN Journal of Sociology. 2019; 19 (4). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Trotsuk I.V., Subbotina M.V. The phenomenon of heroism: Two ‘chronological’ interpretations. RUDN Journal of Sociology. 2017; 17 (3). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>What videos are the most popular on YouTube? URL: https://rusability.ru/news/kakie-videonabirayut-bolshe-vsego-prosmotrov-na-youtube. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
