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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">21676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-3-406-418</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, Methodology and History of Sociological Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы истории, теории и методологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">On the classification of revolutions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>К проблеме классификации революций</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shults</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульц</surname><given-names>Эдуард Эдуардович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории России средних веков и нового времени Московского государственного областного университета</p></bio><email>nuap1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Regional University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный областной университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 19, NO3 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 19, №3 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>406</fpage><lpage>418</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-09-11"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Shults E.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Шульц Э.Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shults E.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шульц Э.Э.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/21676">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/21676</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article considers one of the fundamental challenges in the theory of revolution - classification of revolutions. The author analyzes the four most popular features of revolutions that are used to define their types: “revolution from above”, “revolution from below”, “popular revolution” (the marker of the real revolution “from below”), “passive revolution” and “conservative revolution”. All these concepts have a common methodological basis, are closely interrelated in definitions and have the same problems of being used for classifying revolutions. The author examines the principles of introducing these terms and the possibility of their application for classifying revolution by asking two questions: 1) does the classification (and the definition) cover all known social-political revolutions; 2) does the classification (and the definition) allow to consider as revolutions quite different phenomena just similar to revolutions in a number of external features. The main problem of the contemporary discourse is systematization of revolutions according to the above ‘names’ that are accepted as classifying definitions. Moreover, these “new types of revolutions” are added to the existing classifications, which creates confusion, blurs the boundaries of the “revolution”, and allows other social-political phenomena - radical and mass protests, reforms and coups d'état - to be named “revolutions”. The concepts “revolution from above”, “revolution from below”, “popular revolution”, “passive revolution” and “conservative revolution” are socially significant and can be used in everyday discourse, perhaps also in the social-political space (which, however, causes difficulties), but are not scientific terms and cannot be grounds for the scientific classification of revolutions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена одной из основополагающих проблем теории революции - классификации революций. В статье рассматривается четыре наиболее популярных в последние десятилетия определителя революций, которые задают типы данного явления. Речь идет об использовании таких терминов, как «революция сверху», «революция снизу», «народная революция» (маркер настоящей революции - «снизу»), «пассивная революция» и «консервативная революция». Все эти понятия имеют общее методологическое основание, в своих определениях тесно взаимосвязаны и несут в себе общие проблемы использования для классификации революций. Автор разбирает принципы появления этих терминов и возможность их применения как классифицирующих применительно к революции, обозначая два ключевых вопроса: 1) охватывает ли классификация (как и определение) все известные социально-политические революции; 2) не позволяет ли классификация (определение) попасть в список революций явлениям, пусть и сходным по ряду внешних признаков, но принципиально отличным от революций. Главная проблема современных работ заключается в систематизации революций согласно приведенным названиям, возведенным в ранг классифицирующих определений. Более того, эти «новые типы революций» добавляются к существующим системам классификаций, что порождает путаницу и размывание границ понятия «революция», позволяя «протаскивать» в него иные социально-политические феномены - радикальные и массовые формы протеста, реформы и государственные перевороты. Понятия «революция сверху», «революция снизу», «народная революция», «пассивная революция» и «консервативная революция» могут сохранять общественное звучание и использоваться на бытовом уровне, возможно, даже в общественно-политическом пространстве (что, правда, вызывает сложности), но не являются научными терминами и основаниями для научной классификации революций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>revolution from above</kwd><kwd>revolution from below</kwd><kwd>passive revolution</kwd><kwd>conservative revolution</kwd><kwd>people’s revolution</kwd><kwd>classification of revolutions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>революция сверху</kwd><kwd>революция снизу</kwd><kwd>пассивная революция</kwd><kwd>консервативная революция</kwd><kwd>народная революция</kwd><kwd>классификация революций</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artamoshin S.V. 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