<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19182</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2018-18-3-452-469</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Contemporary society: the urgent issues and prospects for development</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Современное общество: актуальные проблемы и перспективы развития</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PEARL INDUSTRY IN THE UAE REGION IN 1869-1938: ITS CONSTRUCTION, REPRODUCTION, AND DECLINE</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИНДУСТРИЯ ЖЕМЧУГА В ОАЭ В 1869-1938: СОЗДАНИЕ, ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВО И УПАДОК</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aqil</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агил</surname><given-names>Казим</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">-</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор социологии, доцент, заведующий кафедрой социологии Колледжа гуманитарных и социальных наук</bio><email>a.kazim@uaeu.ac.ae</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">United Arab Emirates University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 18, NO3 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 18, №3 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>452</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-09-06"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Aqil K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Агил К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aqil K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Агил К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/19182">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/19182</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">The article focuses on the United Arab Emirates’ pearl industry during the period of British colonialization of the Arabian Gulf region, and, specifically, during the rise and decline of the pearl industry. The article aims to explore and analyze the development of the pearl industry in the UAE region, how it was constructed and reproduced from 1869 to 1938. One of the objectives of the study is to show that the pearl industry in the UAE region was a social construction in which the minority profited from financing the pearl extraction and export of pearls. The research also revels political, economic, and cultural factors of the reproduction of the pearl industry. The author shows that it was the colonial power behind the construction and reproduction of the pearl industry that was hierarchically structured. Within the hierarchical structure, the British rule implanted the financiers of the pearl industry, who served at the top level of the hierarchy. Other classes within this hierarchy consisted of local tujar merchants, tawawish middlemen, nawakhodha ship captains, ghawasin divers, siyub divers’ assistants, etc. The research proves the exploitative nature of the pearl industry financial distribution among different strata. The differences within the hierarchy in terms of role, power, myth, and financial distribution further helped this reproduction. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, several factors led to the decline of the pearl diving industry, such as the spread of Japanese cultural pearling. This decline led to the decline of all the classes in the UAE pearling industry and to the rise of new classes related to the oil industry. The article considers a wide range of approaches ranging from statistical, from British archival materials, to discursive analysis of the relationships between colonial and local, rules and citizens, local and non-local, and different strata within the hierarchy of the pearl industry.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">В статье рассматривается индустрия жемчуга в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах в период британской колонизации Персидского залива, и особый акцент сделан на причинах расцвета и упадка данной индустрии. Автор стремится реконструировать логику развития индустрии жемчуга в регионе ОАЭ, причины ее становления и воспроизводства в период с 1869 по 1938 годы. Кроме того, в статье показано, что социальная структура индустрии жемчуга в ОАЭ позволяла меньшинству получать выгоду от финансирования добычи жемчуга и его экспорта. Автор подчеркивает значение политических, экономических и культурных факторов в воспроизводстве индустрии жемчуга, отмечая, что именно колониальный режим ответственен за ее создание и воспроизводство в таком формате, который всегда имел жестко иерархическую структуру. Именно иерархическая модель позволила британскому режиму ввести в индустрию жемчуга финансовых игроков, которые оказались на вершине этой социальной пирамиды. Другие группы в этой иерархии состояли из местных туджаров (купцов), тававишей (посредников), навакходха (капитанов судов), гхавасинов (ловцов жемчуга), сийюбов (помощников ловцов жемчуга) и др. Автор настаивает на том, что именно механизм распределения финансов между вовлеченными в индустрию жемчуга акторами обусловил ее эксплуатационный характер. А различия в иерархических позициях всех участников индустрии с точки зрения их ролей, власти, мифов и финансовых потоков лишь поддерживало воспроизводство индустрии. В конце 1920-х - начале 1930-х годов целый ряд факторов привел к упадку индустрии, основанной на труде ловцов жемчуга, в частности, развитие японской индустрии не добычи, а выращивания жемчуга. Этот упадок обусловил разорение всех групп, формирующих индустрию жемчуга в ОАЭ, и появление новых страт благодаря нефтедобыче. Автор опирается на разнообразные подходы и источники, начиная от статистических данных из британских архивов и заканчивая дискурсивным анализом взаимоотношений между колониальными и местными практиками, а также юридическими и неформальными аспектами взаимодействия местных и неместных групп внутри иерархически организованной индустрии жемчуга.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>British colonialism</kwd><kwd>United Arab Emirates region</kwd><kwd>pearl industry</kwd><kwd>pearl industry construction</kwd><kwd>pearl industry reproduction</kwd><kwd>organizational hierarchy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>британский колониализм</kwd><kwd>Объединенные Арабские Эмираты</kwd><kwd>индустрия жемчуга</kwd><kwd>создание индустрии жемчуга</kwd><kwd>воспроизводство индустрии жемчуга</kwd><kwd>организационная иерархия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdallah Abd al-Rahman, Al-Imarat fi Dhakirat 'Abna'iha. Al-Hayat al-Iqtisadiyyah [The Emirates in the Memories of its Sons]. Vol. 2. Economic Life. Dubai: Al-Qara'at lil Jamia lil Nashr wa al. Tawzia`; 1990 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Aldarura A. Malama min Tarikh Allula fi al. khalij [The Characteristics of Pearl in the Arabian Gulf]. Markaz Zayed Lliturath wa al. Tarikh; 2002 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Faris M. Alawtha`. Al Iqtasadiyah fi Imarat al. Sa`l, 1862-1965 [Economic Conditions in Coastal Emirates, 1862-1965]. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies; 2000 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Ghunaim Y.A. The Book of the Pearl. Kuwait University; 1998.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Hijji Y. Kuwait and the Sea: A Brief Social and Economic History. London: Arabian Publishing; 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Idrisi S. Nazhat al-Mushtaq. Vol. 1. Port Said: Maktabat al-Thaqafat al-Diniyyah; N.D.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Kuwari A.K. Oil Revenues in the Gulf Emirates: Patterns of Allocation and Impact of Economic Development. Boulder: Westview Press; 1978.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Mutawa M.A. Al-Tanmiyyah wa al-Taghyir al-Ijtima`i fi al-Imarat [Growth and Social Change in the Emirates]. Beirut: Dar al-Farabi; 1991 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Oteiba M.S. Petroleum and the Economy of the United Arab Emirates. London: Croom Helm; 1977.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Qasimi S.M. The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. London: Groom Helm; 1986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Aqil K. The rise of Dubai: A social history of the commercial cities in the Gulf. Encounter. 2010; 2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Aqil K. The United Arab Emirates A.D. 600 to the Present: A Socio-Discursive Transformation in the Arabian Gulf. Dubai: Gulf Book Center; 2000.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>ArmajaniY. Middle East: Past and Present. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1970.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Belgrave C. Persian Gulf - past and present. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 1968; 55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Belgrave C.D. Pearl diving in Bahrain. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 1934; 21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bouchon G., Lombard D. The Indian Ocean in the fifteenth century. Ashin Das Gupta, Pearsons M.N. (Eds.). India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800. Calcutta: Oxford University Press; 1987.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bowen R. LeBaron Jr. The Pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf. The Middle East Journal. 1951; 5 (2).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Butti O.A. Imperialism, Tribal Structure, and the Development of Ruling Elites. A Socio-Economic History of the Trucial States Between 1892 and 1939. PhD Dissertation. Georgetown University; 1992.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Curtin P. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Daniels J. Abu Dhabi: A Portrait. London: Longman; 1974.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Harrison W.P. Economic and social conditions in East Arabia. The Moslem World. 1924; 14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hawley D. The Trucial States. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc.; 1970</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Heard-Bey F. From trucial states to the United Arab Emirates. The Middle East Journal. 1951; 5 (2).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hibert M. Musouat al. Ghwas wa Al llula fi Al Amarat wa al. Khalij al. Arabi qable al. Nafat [Encyclopedia of Pearl and Diving in the Emirates Society before Oil]. Vol. 2. Markaz al. Drasat wa al. Wasaq; 2005 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Houtsma M.T., Arnold T.W., Basset R., Hartmann R. The Encyclopedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan (Muslim) Peoples. Leiden: E.I. Brill; 1913.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Hussian A. Tajarat Dubai bina Mustahil al. qaran al. Ashreen wa Muntasafeh [Dubai Trade Between the Beginning of the Twentieth Century and its Middle: A lecture organized by the Dubai Municipality]; 2013 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jones S. The management of British India steamers in the Gulf, 1862-1945: Gray Mackenzie and the Mesopotamia Persian Corporation. The Gulf in the Early 20th Century. R.I. Lawless (Ed.) Durham, England: Center for Middle Eastern &amp; Islamic Studies: University of Durham; 1986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lorimer J.G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol. 1: Historical Part. Westmead, England: Gregg International Publishers Ltd.; 1970.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Lorimer J.G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol. 2: Geographical and Statistical. Croom Helm; 1977.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Lotiskiyavitch F.K. Al-Imarat al. ‘Arabia al-Mutahidah [The United Arab Emirates]. Trans. by H. Ishaq. Damascus: Dar Maisel; 1979 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Ma Huan. The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores. Transl. and ed. by Feng Ch'eng-Chun. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1970.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Mann C.C. Abu Dhabi: Birth of an Oil Sheikhdom. Beirut; Khayats, 1969.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Molly Izzard. The Gulf: Arabia's Western Approaches. London: John Murray; 1979.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Morsy A.M. Changes in the economy and political attitudes, and the development of culture on the coast of Oman between 1900 and 1940. Arabian Studies. 1975; 2 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mustafa H. Musouat al. Ghwas wa Al llula fi Al Amarat wa al. Khalij al. Arabi qable al. Nafat [Encyclopedia of Pearl and Diving in the Emirates Society before Oil]. Vol. 1. Markaz al. Drasat wa al. Wasaq; 2004 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mutuwali M. Hawdh al-Khalij al-`Arabi: al-Awdha`al-Siyasiyyah wa al-Iqtasadiyyah [The Arabian Gulf: Political and Economic Conditions]. Vol. 2. Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian; 1981 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Niblock T. (Ed.) Social and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf. London: Croom Helm; 1980.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Rehlat Ibn-Batuta. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-`Almiyyah; 1992 (In Arab.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Rumaihi M.G. The mode of production in the Arab Gulf before the discovery of oil. Niblock T. (Ed.). Social and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf. London: Croom Helm; 1980.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Said-Zahlan R. Hegemony, dependence and development in the Gulf. Social and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf. Niblock T. (Ed.). London: Croom Helm; 1980.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Villiers A. Sons of Sindbad. UK: Arabian Publishes; 2006.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
