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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18447</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2018-18-2-195-207</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, Methodology and History of Sociological Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы истории, теории и методологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The development of non-linear knowledge: New risks, vulnerabilities, and hopes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Становление нелинейного знания: новые риски, уязвимости и надежды</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravchenko</surname><given-names>S A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравченко</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор философских наук, заведующий кафедрой социологии Московского государственного института международных отношений (университета) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации; главный научный сотрудник Федерального научно-исследовательского социологического центра Российской академии наук</bio><email>sociol7@yndex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University of International Relations (MGIMO-University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 18, NO2 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 18, №2 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>207</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-05-02"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Kravchenko S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Кравченко С.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kravchenko S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кравченко С.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/18447">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/18447</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">The article considers the non-linear knowledge as the result of the ‘arrow of time’ effect (I. Prigogine) that determined the new realities in which everything develops increasingly quicker and in a more complex way. The author extends the impact of this effect to the dynamics of knowledge and shows that the modern knowledge acquires the quality of reflexivity and takes on a completely new vector of non-linear development within the so-called ‘turns’ in the history of science. The transition from linear to non-linear knowledge determines more complex manufactured risks including the threat of dehumanization described in the article. The monitoring of these risks implies that the value-oriented non-linear knowledge should be taken into account not only by natural, technical and social sciences but also by the humanities. Among new challenges to the humanity there are vulnerabilities manifested in the increasing structural dysfunctions of complex social and/or techno-natural systems in the form of ‘normal accidents’, ‘collateral damage’, etc. The author believes that key challenges of such vulnerabilities are determined by the dominant pragmatic values of modern knowledge. There is also a new type of development in the form of metamorphosis leading to non-linear transformations, which aggravates the complex character of modern risks and vulnerabilities. The author finds answers to these challenges in the humanistic turn that can ensure the valid knowledge of complex risks and vulnerabilities together with the grounds for better future that people want.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">В статье утверждается, что нелинейное знание рождается и воплощается в жизнь благодаря эффекту «стрелы времени» (И. Пригожин), согласно которому вся материя развивается все быстрее и все усложняющимся образом. Автор распространяет этот эффект на динамику знания, показывая, что современное знание обретает качество рефлексивности и совершенно новый вектор нелинейного развития, проявляющийся в так называемых «научных поворотах». Переход от линейного к нелинейному знанию производит более сложные риски, включая риски дегуманизации, которые и рассматриваются в статье. Мониторинг этих рисков требует учитывать ценностно-ориентированное нелинейное знание, которое включают в себя не только достижения естественных, технических и социальных, но и гуманитарных наук. Среди новых вызовов человечеству - уязвимости, проявляющиеся в усилении структурных дисфункций сложных социальных и/или техногенно-природных систем и принимающие формы «нормальных катастроф», «побочного ущерба» и т.д. Автор полагает, что основные уязвимости порождены доминированием прагматических ценностей в современном знании. Наряду с новыми угрозами в нашей жизни появился и новый вид развития - метаморфозы, или нелинейные преобразования, значительно усложняющие и без того сложный характер рисков и уязвимостей. Ответ на эти вызовы автор видит в гуманистическом повороте, который породит более достоверное знание о сложных рисках и уязвимостях на основе моделей лучшего будущего.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-linear knowledge</kwd><kwd>‘arrow of time’</kwd><kwd>reflexivity</kwd><kwd>‘manufactured uncertainties’</kwd><kwd>risks</kwd><kwd>vulnerabilities</kwd><kwd>‘new catastrophes’</kwd><kwd>‘normal accidents’</kwd><kwd>‘theory of metamorphosis’</kwd><kwd>humanistic turn</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нелинейное знание</kwd><kwd>«стрела времени»</kwd><kwd>рефлексивность</kwd><kwd>«рукотворные неопределенности»</kwd><kwd>риски</kwd><kwd>уязвимости</kwd><kwd>«новые катастрофы»</kwd><kwd>«нормальные катастрофы»</kwd><kwd>«теория метаморфозы»</kwd><kwd>гуманистический поворот</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adolf M., Stehr N. Knowledge. 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