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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Sociology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2272</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8897</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumamba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15914</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2272-2017-17-2-157-179</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, Methodology and History of Sociological Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы истории, теории и методологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“Periphery”, state, and revolution, or Russia’s morphology of “backwardness” (Part 2)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Периферия», государство и революция, или морфология российской отсталости (Часть 2)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shanin</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шанин</surname><given-names>Теодор</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>shanin@universitas.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Manchester</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Манчестера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 17, NO2 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 17, №2 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Shanin T.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Шанин Т.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shanin T.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шанин Т.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/15914">https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/15914</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">With this paper, we continue a series of publications on the theoretical aspects of Teodor Shanin’s conception of Russia as a ‘developing society’ first published in 1986 in the book Russia as a ‘Developing Society’. The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of Century. Vol. 1. In this part, the author considers the characterization of Russia as a “developing society” at the turn of the XX century, which cannot be understood outside the context of capitalism both internationally and intra-nationally. At the same time the unique/specific features that most profoundly characterized the Russian social scene at the turn of the century and made its mark as its past within its present were represented particularly by the state, ethnos and peasantry. The power of the Russian state apparatus, its share of resources, its control over the population and its legal claims exceeded those elsewhere where capitalism was on the march. Massive processes of consolidation and ‘extended reproduction’ of cultural patterns, language usage, fundamental symbols of identification and self-identification, as well as of related political loyalties, wielded together massive populations of different origins. Finally, during two centuries only, the Russian peasants moved all the way from the payment of tribute to unheard-of levels of exploitation and cattle-like enslavement of more than nine-tenths of the Russians; however, within another century came the emancipation from serfdom which made peasantry not only ‘free’ but landowning. The Russian dependent development of that time found its expression not only at the general level of the economic flows malfunctions and transformations but also at the distinct dimension of class generation and conflict. Parallel to the general crisis of the Russian political economy and the growing and increasingly explicit conflict between major social groups was an ideological/moral crisis expressed in perceptions, concepts and values (thus, the Russian intelligentsia confronted directly the state apparatus). The author concludes with the types of dissent initiated by men of knowledge, of ideas and of moral values, which was represented in different populist theorists including revolutionary populism and subjective sociology.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Данной статьей мы продолжаем серию публикаций, посвященных теоретическим аспектам концепции Теодора Шанина, впервые обнародованной в 1986 г. в книге «Россия как развивающееся общество. Истоки инаковости: Россия в начале ХХ века. Т. 1». В статье рассмотрена оформившаяся в начале ХХ в. характеристика России как «развивающегося общества», которая имеет смысл лишь в контексте капиталистического строительства как внутри страны, так и в глобальных масштабах. В то же время уникальными/специфическими чертами российской социальной сцены на тот исторический момент, которые были обусловлены прошлым страны, отразившимся в ее настоящем, стали своеобразный государственный аппарат, этногенез и крестьянство. Власть государственного чиновничества, его контроль над национальными ресурсами и населением страны, а также юридически гарантированные претензии многократно превышали аналогичные показатели в тех странах, что уже ощутили поступь капитализма. Что касается населения, то процессы консолидации и «расширенного воспроизводства» культурных норм, языкового использования, фундаментальных символов идентичности, связанных с политической лояльностью, сплели воедино судьбы множества людей самого разного происхождения. И, наконец, за два столетия российское крестьянство прошло весь путь от уплаты дани до невиданной прежде эксплуатации и тотального закрепощения, а уже в следующем столетии получило свободу от крепостного права и земельную собственность. Российский тип зависимого догоняющего развития в тот период получил свое выражение не только в общих экономических дисфункциях и трансформациях, но и в специфике формирования классов и их конфликтных взаимоотношений. Наряду с общим кризисом российской политэкономии и разрастающимся конфликтом между основными социальными группами страну охватил идеологический/моральный кризис, детерминированный различиями в ценностях и интерпретациях (например, русская интеллигенция открыто противостояла государственному аппарату). Статью завершает оценка разных типов расколов, за которыми стояли люди идей и знаний, придерживающиеся разных народнических теорий, включая революционное народничество и субъективную социологию.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>developing society</kwd><kwd>capitalism</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>the state</kwd><kwd>peasantry</kwd><kwd>populist theories and movements</kwd><kwd>class conflicts</kwd><kwd>intelligentsia</kwd><kwd>periphery</kwd><kwd>revolution</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>развивающееся общество</kwd><kwd>капитализм</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>государство</kwd><kwd>крестьянство</kwd><kwd>народнические теории и движения</kwd><kwd>классовые конфликты</kwd><kwd>интеллигенция</kwd><kwd>периферия</kwd><kwd>революция</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aksakov K. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Complete Works]. 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