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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2299</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1236</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47353</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2299-2025-16-3-821-844</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CTUQVT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNCTIONAL SEMANTICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СЕМАНТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Complexity Mechanism in Leveled Texts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизм сложности при адаптации текста</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-0934</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195974758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ABF-7003-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9243-6995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Mariia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, PhD in Philology, Senior Researcher of the ‘Multidisciplinary text research’ Research Lab, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник НИЛ «Мультидисциплинарные исследования текста»</p></bio><email>mariia99andreeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-3039</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56429529500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-3863-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6480-1830</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solnyshkina</surname><given-names>Marina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солнышкина</surname><given-names>Марина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Sc. (Philology), Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Teaching Foreign Languages, Head of ‘Multidisciplinary text research’ Research Lab, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор филологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры теории и практики преподавания иностранных языков, руководитель НИЛ «Мультидисциплинарные исследования текста»</p></bio><email>mesoln@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3832-6660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saadna</surname><given-names>Sarra</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарра</surname><given-names>Саадна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student at the Foreign languages department, Faculty of Philology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры иностранных языков филологического факультета</p></bio><email>1042218192@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Phraseology. Paremiology. Culture: on the anniversary of V.M. Mokienko</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Фразеология. Паремиология. Культура: к юбилею В.М. Мокиенко</issue-title><fpage>821</fpage><lpage>844</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Andreeva M.I., Solnyshkina M.I., Saadna S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Андреева М.И., Солнышкина М.И., Сарра С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andreeva M.I., Solnyshkina M.I., Saadna S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андреева М.И., Солнышкина М.И., Сарра С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/semiotics-semantics/article/view/47353">https://journals.rudn.ru/semiotics-semantics/article/view/47353</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents the research conducted to assess and contrast linguistic and cognitive complexity of primary (fiction) and secondary (leveled to teach Russian as a foreign language) texts. The research dataset comprises dataset of texts with the total amount of 22,232 tokens. Measurement of linguistic complexity performed with Rulingva (rulingva.kpfu.ru) revealed 14 statistically significant parameters discriminating the primary and secondary (leveled) texts. The parametersdiscriminators fall into three groups: morphological (the number of two-syllabic words, verbs, nouns, numerals, the average number of nouns, verbs and adverbs per sentence, ‘descriptivity’, ‘narrativity’), lexical (hapax legomena, Abstractness) and syntactic (readability, sentence length, word length in syllables or in characters). Assessment of cognitive complexity of the contrasted pairs of texts included the two-step algorithm: propositional analysis and information density measurement. The propositional analysis (by W. Kintsch) was aimed at identifying and calculating the number propositions, while the information density measurement implied normalization of the number of propositions by the length of the text (In words) followed by the contrastive analysis. The study revealed increase in the normalized information density in 7 out of 9 leveled texts and confirmed the hypothesis that though leveled texts have a lower degree of linguistic complexity they retain a higher degree of normalized information density inherent in the primary text.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В работе предложен и апробирован алгоритм расчета и контрастирования лингвистической и когнитивной сложности художественного (первичного) и учебного (вторичного, адаптированного для изучения русского как иностранного) текстов. В качестве материала использована коллекция сопоставляемых текстов, общий объем составил 22232 словоупотребления. Расчет лингвистической сложности текста при помощи Rulingva (rulingva.kpfu.ru) выявил 14 статистически значимых параметров, дифференцирующих контрастируемые пары текстов на трех уровнях: морфологическом (количество двусложных слов, глаголов, существительных, числительных, среднее количество существительных, глаголов и наречий в предложении, «дескриптивность», «нарративность»), лексическом (неповторяющиеся слова, абстрактность) и синтаксическом (читабельность, длина предложения длина слова в слогах или в символах). Расчет когнитивной сложности анализируемых пар текстов на основе пропозиционального анализа (по В. Кинчу) и последующая нормализация продемонстрировали рост информационной плотности в 7 из 9 пар сравниваемых текстов. Исследование подтвердило гипотезу о том, что адаптированный текст, обладая более низкой степенью лингвистической сложности, сохраняет высокую степень нормализованной информационной плотности, свойственной первичному тексту.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian as a foreign language</kwd><kwd>secondary text</kwd><kwd>fiction text</kwd><kwd>corpus</kwd><kwd>linguistic complexity</kwd><kwd>genre</kwd><kwd>cognitive complexity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>русский язык как иностранный</kwd><kwd>вторичный текст</kwd><kwd>художественный текст</kwd><kwd>корпус</kwd><kwd>лингвистическая сложность</kwd><kwd>жанр</kwd><kwd>когнитивная сложность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-78-10129, http://rscf.ru/project/24-78-10129/.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">the research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 24-78-10129, http://rscf.ru/project/24-78-10129/.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dascalu, M. 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