<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Language Studies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Language Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Русистика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2618-8163</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8171</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49281</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2618-8163-2026-24-1-120-137</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VEOLNH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Methods of Teaching Russian as a Native, Non-Native, Foreign Language</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Методика преподавания русского языка как родного, неродного, иностранного</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Assessing complexity of educational texts of Russian as a foreign language: Prospects and challenges of using artificial intelligence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка сложности учебного текста по русскому как иностранному: перспективы и вызовы использования искусственного интеллекта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-3039</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56429529500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-3863-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6480-1830</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solnyshkina</surname><given-names>Marina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солнышкина</surname><given-names>Марина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Teaching Foreign Languages, Head of ‘Multidisciplinary text research’ Research Lab</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры теории и практики преподавания иностранных языков, руководитель НИЛ «Мультидисциплинарные исследования текста»</p></bio><email>mesoln@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-0934</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195974758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ABF-7003-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9243-6995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Mariia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Senior researcher of the research laboratory ‘Multidisciplinary text research’</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник НИЛ «Мультидисциплинарные исследования текста»</p></bio><email>mariia99andreeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ И ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА</issue-title><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-27"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Solnyshkina M.I., Andreeva M.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Солнышкина М.И., Андреева М.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Solnyshkina M.I., Andreeva M.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солнышкина М.И., Андреева М.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-language-studies/article/view/49281">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-language-studies/article/view/49281</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The growing interest in Russian education, culture, and science results in the pressing demand for tools to select educational texts for Russian as a foreign language. The study is aimed at working out the algorithm and instruments for assessing the lexical complexity of text in Russian as a foreign language on CEFR with the help of LLM. The study is based on the material of a training sample, including standardized lexical minima in Russian as a foreign language and 232 texts ranked in difficulty by experts, and a test sample with 14 texts for listening in Russian as a foreign language. The methods of computational linguistics (Python script process_word_lists, LLM), expert assessment and metrics for statistical evaluation of the quality of classification models were used in the work. The study describes the successfully used large language models to assess the complexity of Russian-language texts on the RuLingva platform. The results of the study include the created linguistic profiles and the identified abilities of the large GLM 4.6 and Grok 4 fast language models to assess the complexity of educational texts in Russian as a foreign language (A1-C1). The proposed algorithm ranks texts by complexity with a high degree of accuracy, develops test tasks and selects texts for textbooks on Russian as a foreign language. The results obtained can be used by teachers in Russian as a foreign language, testologists, and linguists for preparing teaching materials, glossaries, and test assignments. The prospect of the work is to improve the developed algorithm by expanding the corpus and applying classification models for texts of different genres.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Растущий интерес к российскому образованию, культуре и науке в значительной степени определяет насущную потребность в разработке инструментария подбора учебных текстов по русскому языку как иностранному (РКИ). Цель исследования - разработать алгоритм и инструментарий оценки лексической сложности текста РКИ (по CEFR) с использованием больших языковых моделей (LLM). Исследование выполнено на материале обучающей выборки, включающей стандартизированные лексические минимумы РКИ и 232 текста, ранжированных экспертами по уровням сложности, и тестовой выборки, в которую вошли 14 текстов РКИ для аудирования. Применены методы компьютерной лингвистики (Python-скрипт process_word_lists, LLM), экспертная оценка и метрики статистической оценки качества классификационных моделей. Описан опыт успешного использования LLM для оценки сложности русскоязычных текстов на платформе RuLingva. В результате исследования созданы лингвистические профили и идентифицирована высокая способность LLM GLM 4.6 и Grok 4 fast осуществлять оценку сложности учебных текстов РКИ (А1-С1). Предложенный алгоритм позволяет с высокой степенью точности осуществлять ранжирование текстов по сложности при разработке тестовых заданий и подборе текстов для учебников РКИ. Полученные результаты могут использовать преподаватели РКИ, тестологи и лингвисты для подготовки учебно-методических материалов, глоссариев, тестовых заданий. Перспектива видится в совершенствовании разработанного алгоритма за счет расширения корпуса и применения классификационных моделей для текстов разных жанров.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RFL</kwd><kwd>Large Language Models</kwd><kwd>LLM</kwd><kwd>Common European Framework of Reference for Languages</kwd><kwd>corpus of educational texts</kwd><kwd>training set</kwd><kwd>test set</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>РКИ</kwd><kwd>большие языковые модели</kwd><kwd>LLM</kwd><kwd>Общеевропейская шкала уровней владения языком</kwd><kwd>корпус учебных текстов</kwd><kwd>обучающая выборка</kwd><kwd>тестовая выборка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-78-10129, http://rscf.ru/project/24-78-10129/</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study was supported by grant No. 24-78-10129 from the Russian Science Foundation, http://rscf.ru/project/24-78-10129</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alderson, J. C. (2000). Assessing Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюшина Н.П. Лексические минимумы по русскому языку как иностранному: проблема отбора лексических и фразеологических единиц // Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. 2011. № 3 (33). С. 648–652. EDN: OJPOAR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andhale, N., &amp; Bewoor, L. A. (2016). An overview of text summarization techniques. In 2016 international conference on computing communication control and automation (ICCUBEA). (pp. 1–7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCUBEA.2016.7860040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воронин К.В., Исмаева Ф.Х., Данилов А.В. Лингвистическое профилирование учебных и художественных текстов // Русистика. 2024. Т. 22. № 4. С. 555–578. https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2024-22-4-555-578 EDN: AWRLUL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andryushina, N. P. (2011). Basic dictionary for Russian as a second language (the choice of words and set phrases). Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies, (3), 648–652. (In Russ.). EDN: OJPOAR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева О.А., Терских М.В. Дидактический потенциал новостных видеосюжетов на занятиях по русскому языку как иностранному // Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2023. № 2. С. 216–228. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-2-216-228 EDN: ACVBJW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., &amp; Stone, C.J. (2017). Classification and regression trees. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карагодин А.А., Карагодина И.А. Критерии отбора аутентичного аудиотекста в жанре интервью для подготовки к тестированию по русскому языку как иностранному: второй сертификационный уровень (субтест «аудирование») // Педагогика. Вопросы теории и практики. 2022. Т. 7. № 11. С. 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.30853/ped20220205 EDN: DQHUXQ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324 EDN: ARROTH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапошина А.Н. Опыт экспериментального исследования сложности текстов по РКИ // Динамика языковых и культурных процессов в современной России. 2018. № 6. С. 1544–1549. EDN: YQOZJR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foody, G. M. (2023). Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient. Plos one, 18(10), e0291908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291908 EDN: LRZNQD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапошина А.Н., Лебедева М.Ю. Корпусный подход к решению проблемы отбора лексики в обучении РКИ // Slavica Helsingiensia 52: Russian Language in the Multilingual World. Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2019. № 52. P. 359–368.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman, J. H. (2001). Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. Annals of statistics, 29(5), 1189–1232. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013203451</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапошина А.Н., Лебедева М.Ю. Текстометр: онлайн-инструмент определения уровня сложности текста по русскому языку как иностранному // Русистика. 2021. Т. 19. № 3. С. 331–345. https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2021-19-3-331-345 EDN: YQLLXW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grabe, W. (2008). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ляшевская О.Н. К определению сложности русских текстов // XVII Апрельская международная научная конференция по проблемам развития экономики и общества. 2017. № 4. С. 408–418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green, A. (2012). Language functions revisited: Theoretical and empirical bases for language construct definition across the ability range. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркина Е.И., Руис-Соррилья Крусате М. Основные подходы к минимизации лексики в российской и европейской учебной лексикографии // Полилингвиальность и транскультурные практики. 2011. № 3. С. 77–84. EDN: OCVXGD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoerl, A. E., &amp; Kennard, R. W. (1970). Ridge regression: Biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics, 12(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1970.10488634</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солнышкина М.И., Соловьев В.Д., Эбзеева Ю.Н. Подходы и инструменты лингвистического профилирования текста на русском языке // Русистика. 2024. Т. 22. № 4. С. 501–517. https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2024-22-4-501-517 EDN: AMYSNF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karagodin, A. A., &amp; Karagodina, I. A. (2022). Criteria for selecting an authentic audio text in the interview genre for preparation for Russian as a foreign language testing: Second certificate level (the “Listening” subtest). Pedagogy. Questions of Theory and Practice, 7(11), 1160–1166. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30853/ped20220205 EDN: DQHUXQ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alderson J.C. Assessing Reading. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000. 398 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andhale N., Bewoor L.A. An overview of text summarization techniques // 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, Pune, 2016. Pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCUBEA.2016.7860040 10.1109/ICCUBEA.2016.7860024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breiman L. Random forests // Machine learning. 2001. Vol. 45. № 1. Pp. 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324 EDN: ARROTH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laposhina, A. N. (2018). The experience of experimental research of the complexity of texts on RFL. The dynamics of linguistic and cultural processes in modern Russia, (6), 1544–1549. (In Russ.). EDN: YQOZJR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breiman L., Friedman J.H., Olshen R.A., Stone C.J. Classification and regression trees. Boca Raton : Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. 358 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laposhina, A. N., &amp; Lebedeva, M. Y. (2019). A corpus approach to solving the problem of vocabulary selection in RFL teaching. Russian Language in the Multilingual World. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, (52), 359–368. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foody G.M. Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: from recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient // Plos one. 2023. Vol. 18. № 10. Pp. e0291908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291908 EDN: LRZNQD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laposhina, A. N., &amp; Lebedeva, M. Yu. (2021). Textometr: An online tool for automated complexity level assessment of texts for Russian language learners. Russian Language Studies, 19(3), 331–345. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2021-19-3-331-345 EDN: YQLLXW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman J.H. Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine // Annals of statistics. 2001. Vol. 29. № 5. Pp. 1189–1232. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013203451</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyashevskaya, O. N. (2017). To determine the complexity of Russian texts. In XVII April International Scientific Conference on the Problems of Economic and Social Development. Is. 4 (pp. 408–418). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grabe W. Reading in a second language: moving from theory to practice. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008. 467 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markina, E. I., &amp; Ruiz-Zorrilla Cruzate, M. (2011). The main approaches to the minimization of vocabulary in Russian and European learning lexicography. Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices, (3), 77–84. (In Russ.). EDN: OCVXGD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green A. Language functions revisited: theoretical and empirical bases for language construct definition across the ability range. Vol. 2. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012. 218 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reber, R., Schwarz, N., &amp; Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3 EDN: JPBPOP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoerl A.E., Kennard R.W. Ridge regression: biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems // Technometrics. 1970. Vol. 12. № 1. Pp. 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1970.10488634</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakhovskiy, A., Solovyev, V., &amp; Solnyshkina, M. (2020). Topic modeling for assessment of text complexity in Russian textbooks. In 2020 Ivannikov Ispras Open Conference (ISPRAS) (pp. 102–108). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPRAS51486.2020.00024 EDN: OBICSZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kintsch W. Comprehension: a paradigm for cognition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1998. 461 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santucci, V., Santarelli, F., Forti, L., &amp; Spina, S. (2020). Automatic classification of text complexity. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7285. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207285</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krippendorff K. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks : Sage publications, 2018. 451 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EDN: SFBUAM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reber R., Schwarz N., Winkielman P. Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience? // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004. Vol. 8. № 4. Pp. 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3 EDN: JPBPOP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharoff, S. A. (2022). What neural networks know about linguistic complexity. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 26(2), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30059 EDN: TWWBZJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakhovskiy A., Solovyev V., Solnyshkina M. Topic modeling for assessment of text complexity in Russian textbooks // 2020 Ivannikov Ispras Open Conference (ISPRAS). IEEE, 2020. Pp. 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPRAS51486.2020.00024 EDN: OBICSZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solnyshkina, M. I., Soloviev, V. D., &amp; Ebzeeva, Yu. N. (2024). Approaches and tools for Russian text linguistic profiling. Russian Language Studies, 22(4), 501–517. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2024-22-4-501-517 EDN: AMYSNF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santucci V., Santarelli F., Forti L., Spina S. Automatic classification of text complexity // Applied Sciences. 2020. Vol. 10. № 20. Pp. 7285. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207285 EDN: SFBUAM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trott, S., &amp; Rivière, P. D. (2024). Measuring and modifying the readability of English texts with GPT-4. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2410.14028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharoff S.A. What neural networks know about linguistic complexity // Russian journal of linguistics. 2022. Vol. 26. № 2. Pp. 371–390. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30059 EDN: TWWBZJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virk, S. M., Hammarström, H., Borin, L., Forsberg, M., &amp; Wichmann, S. (2020). From linguistic descriptions to language profiles. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2020) (pp. 23–27). Marseille: European Language Resources Association.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trott S., Rivière P.D. Measuring and modifying the readability of English texts with GPT-4 // arXiv preprint. 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronin, K. V., Ismaeva, F. H., &amp; Danilov, A.V. (2024). Linguistic profiling of educational and artistic texts. Russian Language Studies, 22(4), 555–578. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2024-22-4-555-578 EDN: AWRLUL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virk S.M., Hammarström H., Borin L., Forsberg M., Wichmann S. From Linguistic Descriptions to Language Profiles // Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2020). Marseille : European Language Resources Association, 2020. Pp. 23–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin, J., &amp; Cho, M. G. (2025). Design and implementation of an adaptive English text regeneration system based on CEFR language proficiency levels. International Journal of Contents, 21(3), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2025.21.3.178 EDN: CHTMZV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin J., Cho M.G. Design and implementation of an adaptive English text regeneration system based on CEFR language proficiency levels // International Journal of Contents. 2025. Vol. 21. № 3. Pp. 178–196. https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2025.21.3.178 EDN: CHTMZV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young, T., Hazarika, D., Poria, S., &amp; Cambria, E. (2018). Recent trends in deep learning based natural language processing. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 13(3), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2018.2840738</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young T., Hazarika D., Poria S., Cambria E. Recent trends in deep learning based natural language processing // IEEE Computational intelligence magazine. 2018. Vol. 13. № 3. Pp. 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2018.2840738</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva, O. A., &amp; Terskikh, M. V. (2023). Didactic potencial of news videos in Russian as a foreign language classes. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, (2), 216–228. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-2-216-228 EDN: ACVBJW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin J., Guo Q., Gierl M. J. Automated essay scoring using deep learning algorithms // Handbook of research on modern educational technologies, applications, and management / ed. by D.B.A.M. Khosrow-Pour. Hershey, PA : IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2021. Pp. 37–47. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3476-2 EDN: ZUTYJQ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin, J., Guo, Q., &amp; Gierl, M. J. (2021). Automated essay scoring using deep learning algorithms. In Khosrow-Pour D.B.A., M. (Ed.). Handbook of research on modern educational technologies, applications, and management. Pp. 37-47. IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3476-2 EDN: ZUTYJQ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng J., Yu H. Assessing the readability of medical documents: a ranking approach // JMIR medical informatics. 2018. Vol. 6. № 1. P. e8611. https://doi.org/10.2196/medinform.8611</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng, J., &amp; Yu, H. (2018). Assessing the readability of medical documents: A ranking approach. JMIR Medical Informatics, 6(1), e8611. https://doi.org/10.2196/medinform.8611</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
