<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52482</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2026-25-3-609-624</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BIDGQD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА РОССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Soviet-Cuban Political and Economic Relations in 1967-1968: 21st Century View</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Советско-кубинские политические и экономические отношения в 1967-1968 годах: взгляд из XXI века</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-5411</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8474-3310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arabadzhyan</surname><given-names>Alexandra Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арабаджян</surname><given-names>Александра Завеновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Research fellow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>aleche28@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 25, NO3 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 25, №3 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>624</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-28"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Arabadzhyan A.Z.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Арабаджян А.З.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arabadzhyan A.Z.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арабаджян А.З.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/52482">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/52482</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study examines the deterioration of Soviet-Cuban relations in 1967-1968. Based on the materials from Russian archives (the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation), it demonstrates that Cuba attempted to promote revolutionary movement in Latin America as part of its anti-imperialist policy. Cuba also condemned the Communist Party of Venezuela’s refusal to engage in armed struggle and criticized the positions of other Latin American communist parties that took a pro-Soviet position in assessing the international and regional situation. This was clearly evident during the conference of Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS) held in Havana in the summer of 1967, at which two polemical resolutions were adopted: one condemned the position of the Venezuelan Communist Party, and the other criticized economic relations between socialist countries and reactionary Latin American governments. At the same time, the Cubans expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the fact that the USSR did not meet their increasing demand for supplies, which gave rise to hints about the economic pressure exerted by the USSR on Cuba and was reflected in January 1968 in the Cuban government Memorandum on trade issues and in the “microfaction” case, which was examined at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. It is noted that the Cuban leadership, which advocated the possibility of simultaneously building socialism and communism, also criticized the Soviet Union’s economic policy, particularly the economic reforms of A.N. Kosygin (Lieberman). The crisis in relations between the two countries was only mitigated after Fidel Castro declared his support for the introduction of troops into the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The author concludes that the historical experience of this difficult period in the history of Soviet-Cuban relations was taken into account by the current Cuban leadership, which demonstrated its loyalty to Russia when the latter launched the Special Military Operation (2022).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Преимущественно на материалах архивов (Российский государственный архив новейшей истории, Архив внешней политики РФ) исследуется ухудшение советско-кубинских отношений в 1967-1968 гг. Показано, что внешняя политика Кубы в этот период была направлена на подъем революционного движения на континенте, в связи с чем Куба осуждала Компартию Венесуэлы за отказ от вооруженной борьбы, подвергала критике другие компартии Латинской Америки, которые занимали просоветскую позицию в оценках международной и региональной обстановки. Это ярко проявилось в ходе конференции Организации латиноамериканской солидарности 1967 г. в Гаване, на которой были приняты две полемические резолюции: в одной осуждалась позиция Компартии Венесуэлы, в другой - экономические связи социалистических стран с реакционными правительствами в Латинской Америке. Одновременно кубинцы высказали крайнее недовольство тем, что СССР не удовлетворял их возраставшие запросы по поставкам, что дало повод намекать на оказание экономического давления со стороны СССР на Кубу и получило отражение в январе 1968 г. в кубинском правительственном Меморандуме по вопросам торговли и в деле «микрофракции», разбиравшемся на Пленуме ЦК КП Кубы. Отмечается, что кубинское руководство, отставившее возможность одновременного строительства социализма и коммунизма, подвергало критике и экономический курс СССР, в частности, экономическую реформу А.Н. Косыгина (Либермана). Кризис в отношениях двух стран удалось смягчить лишь после заявления Ф. Кастро о поддержке введения войск в ЧССР. Автор заключает, что исторический опыт сложного периода в истории советско-кубинских отношений был учтен современным руководством Кубы, которое продемонстрировало лояльность России, когда последняя начала Специальную военную операцию в 2022 г.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Soviet-Cuban economic cooperation</kwd><kwd>the Cuban Missile Crisis</kwd><kwd>Soviet-Cuban trade turnover</kwd><kwd>Soviet lending to Cuba</kwd><kwd>the Cuban economy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>советско-кубинское экономическое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>Карибский кризис</kwd><kwd>советско-кубинский товарооборот</kwd><kwd>советское кредитование Кубы</kwd><kwd>кубинская экономика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта № 075-15-2024-551 «Глобальные и региональные центры силы в формирующемся мироустройстве», реализуемого при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации на проведение крупных научных проектов по приоритетным направлениям научно-технологического развития.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The article was prepared with the support of a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for conducting large-scale scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development No. 075-15-2024-551 “Global and regional centers of power in the emerging world order”.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arabadzhyan, A.Z. “Ernesto Che Guevara’s criticism of the soviet methods of socialist construction and its eventual application to the contemporary Cuba.” Problems in Political Economy, no. 3 (2019): 167–182 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арабаджян А.З. Критика Эрнесто Гевары советских методов социалистического строительства и ее возможное применение к современной Кубе // Вопросы политической экономии. 2019. № 3. С. 167–182. EDN: RUJQYL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arabadzhyan, A.Z. “Tensions Between Cuba and the USSR After the Cuban Missile Crisis: From International Politics to Political Economy.” Modern and Contemporary History, no. 2 (2022): 178–190 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арабаджян А.З. Противоречия между Кубой и СССР после Карибского кризиса: от международной политики до политической экономии // Новая и новейшая история. 2022. № 2. С. 178–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aruca Alonso, L.J. “Acercamiento a las relaciones entre Cuba y la Unión Soviética en las luchas de liberación nacional y la independencia de los países africanos.” Revista Política Internacional 6, no. 2 (2024): 121–133 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бекаревич А.Д., Кухарев Н.М. Советский Союз и Куба: Экономическое сотрудничество. М.: Наука, 1973. 293 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aruca Alonso, L.J. “Cuba y sus relaciones diplomáticas con los países del Campo socialista europeo 1960 a 1992. Entrevista con la Embajadora Isabel Allende Karam.” Revista Política Internacional 7, no. 4 (2025): 245–259 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бородаев В.А. Кубинская революция и становление новой политической системы, 1953–2006. М.: Издательство Московского Университета, 2007. 522 с. EDN: OYCRME</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekarevich, A.D., and Kukharev, N.M. Sovetskii Soiuz i Kuba: ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo [Soviet Union and Cuba: Economic Cooperation]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1973 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бородаев В.А. История формирования и развития новой политической системы на Кубе (1953–2009 гг.). Дисс. … док. ист. наук. М.: Московский городской педагогический университет, 2009. 665 с. EDN: ICIEUH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodaev, V.A. Kubinskaia revolyutsiia i stanovlenie novoi politicheskoi sistemy, 1953–2006 [The Cuban Revolution and the Formation of a New Political System, 1953–2006]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta Publ., 2007 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец В.С., Хейфец Л.С. Между Гаваной и Москвой: кубинская революция и раскол латиноамериканских левых по вопросу о партизанской борьбе // Новая и новейшая история. 2018. № 6. С. 52–67. https://doi.org/10.31857/S013038640002033-4 EDN: YPXOPJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodaev, V.A. “History of the formation and development of the new political system in Cuba (1953–2009).” Doc. diss., Moscow City University, 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец В.Л., Хейфец Л.С. Традиция интернационализма в идеологии и практике кубинской революции // Латинская Америка. 2020. № 8. С. 60–76. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044748X0010346-9 EDN: CRNJNU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blasier, C. “El fin de la asociación soviético-cubana.” Estudios Internacionales 26, no. 103 (1993): 296–340 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец В. Л., Хейфец Л.С. Коммунистические партии Кубы и Венесуэлы в 1960–1970-е гг.: сложный путь от единства... К единству // Латиноамериканский исторический альманах. 2022. № 37. С. 112–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blight, J.G., and Brenner, P. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers after the Missile Crisis. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец В.Л., Хейфец Л.С. Прелюдия Карибского кризиса // Новый исторический вестник. 2023. № 2. С. 26–43. https://doi.org/10.54770/20729286_2023_2_26 EDN: EGXRFP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castro, F. Socialismo y comunismo: un proceso único. Montevideo: Aportes, 1970 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aruca Alonso L.J. Acercamiento a las relaciones entre Cuba y la Unión Soviética en las luchas de liberación nacional y la independencia de los países africanos // Revista Política Internacional. 2024. Vol. 6. № 2. P. 121–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franklin, J. Cuba and the US Empire. A Chronological History. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aruca Alonso L.J. Cuba y sus relaciones diplomáticas con los países del Campo socialista europeo 1960 a 1992. Entrevista con la Embajadora Isabel Allende Karam // Revista Política Internacional. 2025. Vol. 7. № 4. P. 245–259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guevara, E. En la conferencia Afroasiática en Argelia. Bogotá: Ocean sur, 2007 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blasier C. El fin de la asociación soviético-cubana // Estudios Internacionales. 1993. Vol. 26. № 103. P. 296–340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">James, D. Cuba, el primer satélite soviético de América. México: Libreros Mexicanos Unidos, 1962 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blight J.G., Brenner P. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba's Struggle with the Superpowers after the Missile Crisis. Lanham, Boulder, N.-Y., Oxford: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002. 324 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kheifets, V.L., and Kheifets, L.S. “Between Havana and Moscow: The Cuban Revolution and the Split in the Latin American Lefts on the Question of Guerrilla Warfare.” Modern and Contemporary History, no. 6 (2018): 52–67 (in Russian), https://doi.org/10.31857/S013038640002033-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castro F. Socialismo y comunismo: un proceso único. Montevideo: Aportes, 1970. 208 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeifets, V.L., and Jeifets, L.S. “The Internationalist Tradition in Ideology and Practice of Cuban Revolution.” Latin America, no. 8 (2020): 60–76 (in Russian), https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044748X0010346-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franklin J. Cuba and the US Empire. A Chronological History. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2016. 441 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeifets, V.L., and Jeifets, L.S. “The Communist Parties of Cuba and Venezuela in the 1960-1970s: a difficult way from the unity … to the unity.” Latin-American Historical Almanac, no. 37 (2022): 112–137 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guevara E. En la conferencia Afroasiática en Argelia. Bogotá: Ocean sur, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kheifets, V.L., and Kheifets, L.S.  “Prelude to the Cuban Missile Crisis.” The New Historical Bulletin, no. 2 (2023): 26–43 (in Russian), https://doi.org/10.54770/20729286_2023_2_26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">James D. Cuba, el primer satélite soviético de América. México: Libreros Mexicanos Unidos, 1962. 398 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paranhos Miceli, J.G. “El Partido Comunista de Uruguay, Cuba y la OLAS (1967).” Encuentros Uruguayos 15, no. 1 (2022): 144–157 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paranhos Miceli J.G. El Partido Comunista de Uruguay, Cuba y la OLAS (1967) // Encuentros</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pericás, L.B. Che Guevara y el debate económico en Cuba. La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 2014 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uruguayos. 2022. Vol. 15. № 1. P. 144–157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez García, J.L. Estrategia del desarrollo económico en Cuba. La Habana: Félix Varela, 2016 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pericás L.B. Che Guevara y el debate económico en Cuba. La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 2014. 380 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tablada, C. Acerca del pensamiento económico de Ernesto Che Guevara. La Habana: Ciencias sociales, 1987 (in Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez García J.L. Estrategia del desarrollo económico en Cuba. La Habana: Félix Varela, 2016. 341 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaffe, H. Che Guevara. The Economics of the Revolution. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tablada C. Acerca del pensamiento económico de Ernesto Che Guevara. La Habana: Ciencias sociales, 1987. 212 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Yaffe H. Che Guevara. The Economics of the Revolution. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 354 p.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
