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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45116</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2025-24-2-189-202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NIBEKM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PEOPLES AND REGIONS OF THE USSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАРОДЫ И РЕГИОНЫ СССР В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Soap as a Product of the Food Industry in the Blockaded Leningrad: Production and Existence in 1941-1942</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мыло как продукт пищевой промышленности в блокированном Ленинграде: производство и бытование в 1941-1942 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-1714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ass. Professor of the Department of Modern History of Russia, Institute of History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры новейшей истории России Института истории</p></bio><email>o.gavrilova@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>189</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-18"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Gavrilova O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Гаврилова О.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gavrilova O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаврилова О.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/45116">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/45116</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The authors discuss the problems of functioning of soap factories in the conditions of the siege of Leningrad, representing the perfumery and cosmetics industry of the food industry. Attention is paid to the range of products manufactured by enterprises, the peculiarities of the raw material base. The conditions that provoked the decline in production, the deterioration of product quality and the narrowing of the range of manufactured goods have been studied. Attention is focused on the search for fat substitutes and the use of the company's equipment to open new areas of activity that take into account the circumstances of wartime. The interaction of the USSR Drug Food Industry and the special commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on food supply of Leningrad in connection with the supply of food raw materials and foodstuffs to the blockaded city is analyzed. The intention of the central government bodies to include household soap in shipments of food products to ensure timely card delivery to the population and replenishment of supplies has been revealed. And also to send railway trains with vegetable oil to Leningrad to create raw materials for soap-making enterprises. The article considers the practices of household detergents and attempts by the population to use soap as an exchange tool to expand the food ration. The features of personal hygiene of blockade runners in conditions of acute shortage of detergents and interruptions in the work of baths are characterized. The conclusion is made about the progressive difficulties in maintaining soap production in the conditions of the blockade of the city. Despite the efforts of the management of enterprises to find substitutes for raw materials and change technological processes, the complete exhaustion of even conditionally suitable materials for soap production could not allow the restoration of detergent production with the start of electricity supply to plants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматриваются проблемы функционирования в условиях блокады Ленинграда мыловаренных заводов, представлявших парфюмерно-косметическую отрасль пищевой промышленности. Уделено внимание ассортименту продукции, выпускаемой предприятиями, особенностям сырьевой базы. Изучены условия, спровоцировавшие падение производства, ухудшение качества продукции и сужение номенклатуры выпускаемых товаров. Акцентировано внимание на поиске заменителей жиров и использовании оборудования предприятия для открытия новых направлений деятельности, учитывающих обстоятельства военного времени. Проанализировано взаимодействие Наркомпищепрома СССР и специальной комиссии СНК СССР по продовольственному обеспечению Ленинграда в связи с поставками продовольственного сырья и продуктов питания в блокированный город. Выявлено намерение центральных органов управления включить в отгрузки продовольственных товаров хозяйственное мыло для обеспечения своевременной выдачи по карточкам населению и пополнения запасов, а также направить в Ленинград железнодорожные составы с растительным маслом для создания сырьевых фондов мыловаренных предприятий. Рассмотрены практики бытования моющих средств и попытки населения использовать мыло в качестве обменного средства для расширения продовольственного рациона. Охарактеризованы особенности личной гигиены блокадников в условиях острого дефицита моющих средств и перебоев в работе бань. Сделан вывод о прогрессирующих трудностях в сохранении производства мыла в условиях блокады города. Несмотря на усилия руководства предприятий по изысканию заменителей сырья и изменению технологических процессов полное исчерпание даже условно пригодных для производства мыла материалов могло не позволить восстановить выработку моющих средств с началом подачи на заводы электроэнергии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>food industry</kwd><kwd>Siege of Leningrad</kwd><kwd>famine</kwd><kwd>The Great Patriotic War</kwd><kwd>Soviet-German front</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>продовольственное снабжение</kwd><kwd>блокада Ленинграда</kwd><kwd>голод</kwd><kwd>Великая Отечественная война</kwd><kwd>советско-германский фронт</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared with the support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 24-18-00305, “Food supply to besieged Leningrad: organization of production, distribution practices, memory.” URL: https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-00305</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 24-18-00305, «Продовольственное обеспечение блокадного Ленинграда: организация производства, практики распределения, память». 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