<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36003</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-384-392</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WIXRPD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CITIES OF THE RUSSIAN REGIONS AND CROSS-BORDER TERRITORIES IN THE HISTORICAL SPACE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГОРОДА РОССИЙСКИХ РЕГИОНОВ И ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Restoration of Housing and Communal services of Leningrad from 1942-1944: the Temporal Experience of the Besieged City</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Восстановление жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Ленинграда в 1942-1944 гг.: темпоральный опыт блокадного города</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-6557</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amosova</surname><given-names>Alisa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амосова</surname><given-names>Алиса Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. истор. наук, доцент, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</p></bio><email>a.amosova@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Cities of the Russian Regions and Cross-Border Territories in the Historical Space</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Города российских регионов и трансграничных территорий в историческом пространстве</issue-title><fpage>384</fpage><lpage>392</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Amosova A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Амосова А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Amosova A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Амосова А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/36003">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/36003</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">In their article, the author analyzes a critical point for the Soviet culture of the 1940s. This study is based on published sources, including data from periodicals, and unpublished materials from the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The purpose of it is to determine the features of the temporal characteristics of the restoration stages of Leningrad’s housing and communal services during the years of the siege. The research tools used including those investigating concrete-historical issues, problem-chronological methods, historical reconstruction, as well as linguo-culturological analysis. The identification and systematization of temporal concepts are implemented through three blocks (typological, structural, semiotic) in the paper, concepts which have contributed to the study of the relationship between material culture and the temporal dimensions of the era. There were two stages of the revival of Leningrad’s urban economy during the war years which should be singled out. The specific character of the first stage (January 1942 - January 1943) was the combination of restoration with continued emergency activities, and the second stage (January 1943 - January 1944), when the government began introducing, the restoration of housing and communal services, while taking into account the plans for the development of Leningrad in the post-war period. The temporal characteristics of the first period were colored by “siege time,” broad aspirations for the future largely marred due the establishment of unrealistic deadlines for the implementation of decisions and plans, as well as determination of restoration priorities in accordance with the seasonality of tasks. The second period was also characterized by acceleration in the pace of work carried out in the city due to a release of increased labor and funding, however, there was a discrepancy between real and assumed time in the perception of the Leningrad authorities, and understanding of time in terms of the realistic limits of under their control.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Выявлены и проанализированы представления о времени в советской культуре 1940-х гг. Исследование построено на опубликованных источниках, в том числе на данных периодической печати, и неопубликованных материалах из архивов Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга. Цель исследования - определение особенностей темпоральных характеристик этапов восстановления жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Ленинграда в годы блокады. В качестве инструментов исследования применены конкретно-исторический, проблемно-хронологический методы, метод исторической реконструкции, лингво-культурологический анализ. Выявление и систематизация темпоральных концептов реализованы по трем блокам (типологическому, структурному, семиотическому), что способствовало исследованию взаимосвязи между материальной культурой и временными измерениями эпохи. Выделены два этапа возрождения городского хозяйства Ленинграда в годы войны. Специфика первого этапа (январь 1942 г. - январь 1943 г.) заключалась в сочетании восстановительных работ с аварийными. На втором этапе (январь 1943 г. - январь 1944 г.) началось внедрение базовых принципов восстановления жилищно-коммунального хозяйства с учетом планов развития Ленинграда в послевоенный период. Темпоральными характеристиками первого периода стали осмысление понятия «блокадное время», устремленность в будущее, установление завышенных нереалистичных сроков претворения в жизнь решений и планов и определение приоритетов восстановления в соответствии с сезонностью задач. Второй период характеризовался ускорением темпов проводимых работ в связи с высвобождением рабочей силы и увеличением финансирования, имели место несовпадение времени реального и текущего в восприятии ленинградского руководства, осмысление временных концептов в терминах пространства.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Economics of blockade</kwd><kwd>The Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies</kwd><kwd>P. S. Popkov</kwd><kwd>A.A. Kuznetsov</kwd><kwd>N.V. Baranov</kwd><kwd>N.A. Manakov</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономика блокады</kwd><kwd>исполнительный комитет Ленинградского городского совета депутатов трудящихся</kwd><kwd>П.С. Попков</kwd><kwd>А.А. Кузнецов</kwd><kwd>Н.В. Баранов</kwd><kwd>Н.А. Манаков</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 22–28–00617: “The Forbidden City”: Housing Policy in Leningrad in the 1940s.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 22-28-00617: «„Запретный город“: жилищная политика в Ленинграде в 1940-е годы».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov, N.V. “Arkhitekturno-stroitel'nye zadachi vosstanovleniia Leningrada [Architectural and construction tasks of the restoration of Leningrad].” Arkhitektura Leningrada, no. 1-2 (1944): 2-3 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов Н.В. Архитектурно-строительные задачи восстановления Ленинграда // Архитектура Ленинграда. 1944. № 1–2. С. 2–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov, N.V. Siluety blokady: Zapiski glavnogo arkhitektora goroda [Silhouettes of the blockade: Notes of the chief architect of the city]. Leningrad: Lenizdat Publ., 1982 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов Н.В. Силуэты блокады: записки главного архитектора города. Л.: Лениздат, 1982. 175 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coveney, P., and Roger, H. The arrow of time: A Voyage through science to solve time’s greatest mystery. New York: Ballantine, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаврилова О.А., Сунь Ичжи. Реновация в условиях блокады: снос районов деревянной застройки в Ленинграде. 1941–1942 гг. // Новейшая история России. 2022. Т. 12. № 4. C. 853–869. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.403</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans, V. The Structure of Time: Language, meaning and temporal cognition. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зотова А.В. Экономика блокады. СПб.: Остров, 2016. 320 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavrilova, O.A., and Sun', Ichzhi. “Renovation under the blockade: the demolition of wooden buildings in Leningrad. 1941-1942.” Modern History of Russia 12, no. 4 (2022): 853-869, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.403 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинин С.М., Комарова З.И. Категория темпоральности на шкале исторического времени: язык ‒ общество ‒ культура // Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2019. Вып. 116. № 4 (426). С. 89–99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinin, S.M., and Komarova, Z.I. “Temporality category on the scale of historical time: language-society culture.” Vestnik Cheliabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 116, no. 4 (2019): 89-99 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.24411/1994-2796-2019-10412</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карасев А.В. Ленинградцы в годы блокады. 1941–1943. М.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1959. 315 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasev, A.V. Leningradtsy v gody blokady. 1941-1943 [Leningraders during the siege. 1941-1943]. Moscow: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR Publ., 1959 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутузов В.А. Возрождение земли ленинградской. Л.: Лениздат, 1985. 244 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodjakov, M.V. “Bezhentsy v Leningrade i zhilishchnaia politika gorodskikh vlastei na nachal'nom etape voiny i blokady [Refugees in Leningrad and the housing policy of the city authorities at the initial stage of the war and blockade].” Quaestio Rossica, 10, no. 2 (2022): 455-468, https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.2.681 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутузов В.А. Когда же началось восстановление Ленинграда // Мавродинские чтения: материалы к докладам. СПб.: Изд-во Санкт-Петербургского университетата, 1994. С. 226–230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodjakov, M.V. “Evacuation of the population and the housing stock of Leningrad in 1942.” The New Past, no. 2 (2022): 167-179, https://doi.org/10.18522/2500-3224-2022-2-167-179 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ломагин Н.А. Неизвестная блокада: в 2 кн. Кн. 1. СПб.: Нева; М.: ОЛМА-Пресс, 2002. 556 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodjakov, M.V. “Resheniia gorodskikh vlastei po zhilishchnym voprosam v blokirovannom Leningrade. 1941-1943 gg. [Decisions of city authorities on housing issues in besieged Leningrad. 1941-1943].” Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina v istorii i pamiati narodov Iuga Rossii, 318-323. Rostov-na-Donu: Izd-vo IuNTs RAN Publ., 2022 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маяковский В.В. Баня. Клоп: сборник. М.: Эксмо, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutuzov, V.A. “Kogda zhe nachalos' vosstanovlenie Leningrada [When the restoration of Leningrad began].” In Mavrodinskie chteniia, 226-230. St. Petersburg: Iz-vo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Un-ta Publ., 1994 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков П.С. Ленинград в дни Отечественной войны // Пропаганда и агитация. 1942. № 20. С. 24–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutuzov, V.A. Vozrozhdenie zemli leningradskoi [Revival of the land of Leningrad]. Leningrad: Lenizdat Publ., 1985 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пянкевич В.Л. Люди жили слухами: неформальное коммуникативное пространство блокадного Ленинграда. СПб.: Владимир Даль, 2014. 478 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lomagin, N.A. Neizvestnaia blokada [Unknown blockade], vol. 1. St. Petersburg: Neva Publ.; Moscow: OLMA-Press Publ., 2002 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболев Г.Л. Ленинград в борьбе за выживание в блокаде. СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУ, 2013. 694 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maiakovskii, V.V. Bania. Klop (sbornik) [Banya. Bed bug (collection)]. Moscow: Jeksmo Publ., 2018 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболев Г.Л., Ходяков М.В. Противоборство жизни и смерти: некоторые итоги изучения истории блокады Ленинграда // Новейшая история России. 2021. Т. 11. № 2. С. 294–323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parrish, M. The lesser terror: Soviet state security, 1939-1953. Westport: Prager, 1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ходяков М.В. Беженцы в Ленинграде и жилищная политика городских властей на начальном этапе войны и блокады // Quaestio Rossica. 2022. Т. 10. № 2. С. 455–468. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.2.681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piankevich, V.L. Liudi zhili slukhami: Neformal'noe kommunikativnoe prostranstvo blokadnogo Leningrada [People lived by rumors: Informal communicative space of besieged Leningrad]. St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dal' Publ, 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ходяков М.В. Решения городских властей по жилищным вопросам в блокированном Ленинграде. 1941–1943 гг. // Великая Отечественная война в истории и памяти народов Юга России. С. 318–323. Ростов н/Д.: Изд-во ЮНЦ РАН, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov, P.S. “God vosstanovleniia [Year of recovery].” Propaganda i agitatsiia, no. 1 (1945): 11-23 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ходяков М.В. Эвакуация населения и жилищный фонд Ленинграда в 1942 г. // Новое прошлое / The New Past. 2022. № 2. С. 167–179. https://doi.org/10.18522/2500-3224-2022-2-167-179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov, P.S. “Leningrad v dni Otechestvennoj vojny [Leningrad during the Patriotic War].” Propaganda i agitacija, no. 20 (1942): 24-29 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coveney P., Roger H. The arrow of time: a Voyage through science to solve time’s greatest mystery. New York: Ballantine, 1990. 378 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salisbury, H.E. The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1969 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans V. The structure of time: language, meaning and temporal cognition. Amsterdam ‒ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. 397 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobolev, G.L. Leningrad v bor'be za vyzhivanie v blockade [Leningrad in the struggle for survival in the blockade], iss. 1. St. Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta Publ., 2013 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parrish M. The lesser terror: Soviet state security, 1939–1953. Westport: Prager, 1996. 456 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobolev, G.L., Hodjakov, M.V. “Protivoborstvo zhizni i smerti: nekotorye itogi izucheniia istorii blokady Leningrada [Confrontation between life and death: some results of studying the history of the siege of Leningrad].” Modern History of Russia, 11, no. 2 (2021): 294-323 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salisbury H.E. The 900 days: the siege of Leningrad. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1969. 635 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zotova, A.V. Ekonomika blokady [Economics of blockade]. St. Petersburg: Ostrov Publ, 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
