<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32797</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-4-526-540</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORMATION OF THE USSR</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>К 100‐ЛЕТИЮ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ СССР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">USSR: From Emergence to Collapse of the Great Power</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СССР: от рождения к краху великой державы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-8590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>Владимир Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Habil. Hist., Dr. Habil. Economics, Professor, Director of the Scientific School “Economic Theory,” Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; Head of the Department of International Relations and Geopolitics of Transport, Russian University of Transport</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. истор. наук, д-р эконом. наук, профессор, директор научной школы «Экономическая теория» Российского экономического университета имени Г.В. Плеханова; заведующий кафедрой международных отношений и геополитики транспорта, Российский университет транспорта</p></bio><email>korrka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Transport</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет транспорта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">To the 100th Anniversary of the Formation of the USSR</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">К 100-летию образования СССР</issue-title><fpage>526</fpage><lpage>540</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Egorov V.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Егоров В.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egorov V.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егоров В.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/32797">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/32797</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents the actual historiographical situation on the problem of determining the causes and factors of the death of the USSR. The presentation of a diverse palette of views on the causes and fac-tors of the USSR demise is accompanied by arguments and author's judgments on the correctness of the available assessments of historians and social scientists. At the same time, the aim of the article is to show the fundamental causes of the imbalance of the socio-economic system of real socialism. The fundamental reasons for the non-viability of the socio-economic system of real socialism, designed to eliminate the “flaws” of capitalism, was the level of development of productive forces insufficient to overcome the “rarity of goods.” Even today, humanity is at the very beginning of the path of achieving economic progress capable of ensuring universal satisfaction of needs. The lack of a sufficient material basis for overcoming the imperfection of distribution was the cause of another structural “ailment” - low motivation of social labor and increasing alienation of workers from public property. In turn, the replacement of market mechanisms with administrative and command principles of eco-nomic management caused a chronic shortage of consumption and manifested social apathy. Diverse political, ideological and other “man-made” factors only intensified the processes of systemic failure and gave the centrifugal forces that initiated secession an irreversible and total character.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Представлена актуальная историографическая ситуация по проблеме определения причин и факторов гибели СССР. Презентация многообразной палитры взглядов сопровождена аргументами и авторскими суждениями о корректности имеющихся оценок историков и обществоведов. Вместе с тем цель исследования - выявить основные причины, обусловившие нарушение равновесного состояния социально-экономической системы реального социализма: фундаментальной причиной нежизнеспособности социально-экономической системы реального социализма, призванного устранить «изъяны» капитализма, явился недостаточный для преодоления «редкости благ» уровень развития производительных сил; отсутствие достаточного материального основания для преодоления несовершенства распределения - причина другого структурного «недуга» - низкой мотивации общественного труда и нарастающего отчуждения трудящихся от общественной собственности; замена рыночных механизмов административно-командными принципами управления экономикой обусловила хронический дефицит потребления и проявляющуюся социальную апатию. Показано, что многообразные политические, идеологические и прочие «рукотворные» факторы лишь усилили процессы системного сбоя и придали центробежным силам, инициирующим сецессию, необратимый и тотальный характер.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>structural factors of socialist systemic dysfunction</kwd><kwd>market and socialism</kwd><kwd>differentiation of labor and property</kwd><kwd>secession</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>структурные факторы социалистической системной дисфункции</kwd><kwd>рынок и социализм</kwd><kwd>дифференциация труда и собственности</kwd><kwd>сецессия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artemyev, M. “The Collapse of the Union.” Historian, no. 12 (December 2021): 62-71 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Артемьев М. Распад Союза // Историк. 2021. № 12 (84). С. 62–71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beletskaya, M.Yu. “Economic assistance to foreign countries from the USSR.” Economics and entrepreneurship, no. 2 (2017): 1119-1130 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белецкая М.Ю. Экономическая помощь зарубежным странам со стороны СССР // Экономика и предпринимательство. 2017. № 2 (79). С. 1119–1130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaidar, Ye.T. The Death of the Empire. Lessons for modern Russia. URL: https://bookscafe.net/book/gaydar-egor-gibel-imperii-23836.html (accessed: 21.01.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вдовин А.И. СССР. История великой державы (1922–1991 гг.). М.: РГ-Проект, 2021. С. 580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haas, R. World Disorder. Moscow: AST Publ., 2019 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воротынский И., Нальгин А. «Интровертная» и «экстравертная» стратегия развития // Эксперт. 2021. С. 9–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilferding, R. Financial capital. The newest phase in the development of capitalism. Moscow: URSS Publ., 2022 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайдар Е. Гибель Империи. Уроки для современной России. М.: РОССПЭН, 2006. 439 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirsanov, R.G. “The state of the consumer market in the USSR (late 1970s - early 1990s).” Bulletin of the Buryat State University, no. 3 (2014): 37-42 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гильфердинг Р. Финансовый капитал. Новейшая фаза в развитии капитализма. М.: URSS, 2022. 480 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krotov, N.I., and Shcherbakov, V.I. The Death of the Soviet Empire through the eyes of the last chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee. Moscow: Economic Chronicle. Our Tomorrow Publ., 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров В.Г. Модернизация и революция как структурные предпосылки российской современности // Преподавание истории в школе. 2018. № 7. С. 18–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuvalin, D.B. Economic policy and behavior of enterprises: mechanisms of mutual influence. Moscow: Maks Press, 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирсанов Р.Г. Состояние потребительского рынка в СССР (конец 1970-х – начало 1990-х гг.) // Вестник Бурятского государственного университета. 2014. № 3. С. 37–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrenov, S.Ya. “Farewell to the Soviet Union. To the 30th anniversary of the collapse.” Observer, no. 1 (2022): 84-100 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кротов Н.И., Щербаков В.И. Гибель советской империи глазами последнего председателя Госплана СССР. М.: Экономическая летопись. Наше Завтра, 2021. С. 21–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lem, S. Summa technologii. Moscow: AST Publ., 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кувалин Д.Б. Экономическая политика и поведение предприятий: механизмы взаимного влияния. М.: Макс Пресс, 2009. 319 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligachev, E.K. Who betrayed the USSR. Moscow: Eksmo, Algorithm Publ., 2009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лавренов С.Я. Прощание с Советским Союзом. К 30-летию со дня распада // Обозреватель – Observer. 2022. № 1. С. 84–100. https://doi.org/1010.48137/2074-2975_2022_01_84</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markedonov, S. “Beneficiaries of military alarm.” Vedomosti, August 21, 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лем С. Сумма технологий. М.: АСТ, 2021. 736 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev, V.A. In Gorbachev's team. Moscow: Bylina Publ., 1994 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лигачев Е.К. Кто предал СССР. М.: Эксмо, Алгоритм, 2009. 285 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirkin, Ya. “The collapse of the indestructible.” Rodina, no. 12 (December 2021): 89-105 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркедонов С. Бенефициары военной тревоги // Ведомости. 2021, 21 августа. С. 7–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironov, B.N. “From korenization to sovereignization: how the disintegration of the USSR was being prepared.” Russian History, no. 6 (2021): 3-24 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956870017379-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев В.А. В команде Горбачева. М.: Былина, 1994. 239 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironov, B.N. “The Suffering salvation of Russia.” Rodina, no. 12 (2021): 116-122 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миркин Я. Крушение нерушимого // Родина. 2021. № 12. С. 89–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pikhoya, R.G. “On the periodization of the systemic crisis of the Soviet Union.” Russian History, no. 2 (2019): 3-14 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956870004488-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миронов Б.Н. Выстраданное спасение России // Родина. 2021. № 12. С. 116–122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R. Grand Illusions. The impact of Misperceptions About Russia on U.S. Policy. Carnegie Endowiment for International Peace, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миронов Б.Н. От коренизации к суверенизации: как готовилась дезинтеграция СССР // Российская история. 2021. № 6. С. 3–24. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956870017379-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sazonov, A.A. Who and how destroyed the USSR? Archival documents. Moscow: Algorithm Publ., 2018 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пихоя Р.Г. О периодизации системного кризиса Советского Союза // Российская история. 2019. № 2. С. 3–14. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956870004488-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shubin, A.V. “How the fate of the Soviet Union ended. How did the USSR come to the Belovezhskaya Agreement and what role did Leonid Kuchma's STUPID and ‘battering ram’ play in it.” Expert, December 20, 2021; January 10, 2022: 83-91 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сазонов А.А. Кто и как уничтожал СССР?: архивные документы. М.: Алгоритм, 2018. 561 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokin, A. “Commemorations on the market.” Rodina, no. 12 (2021): 106-115 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорокин А. Поминки на рынке // Родина. 2021. № 12. С. 106–115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stalin, I.V. Economic problems of socialism in the USSR. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сталин И.В. Экономические проблемы социализма в СССР. М.: Госполитиздат, 1952. 96 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vdovin, A.I. USSR. The History of the Great Power (1922-1991). Moscow: RG-Project Publ., 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаас Р. Мировой беспорядок. М.: АСТ, 2019. 319 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorotynsky, I., Nalgin, A. “ ‘Introverted’ and ‘extroverted’ development strategy.” Expert. December 13, 2021 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шубин А.В. Как оборвалась судьба Советского Союза. Как СССР пришел к Беловежскому соглашению и какую роль в нем сыграли ГЛУП и «таран» Леонида Кучмы // Эксперт. 2021, 20 декабря – 2022, 10 января. № 1–2. С. 83–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yegorov, V.G. “Civilizational prerequisites for the political and socio-economic evolution of Russia.” Teaching history at school, no. 7 (2018): 18-23 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rumer E., Sokolsky R. Grand illusions: the impact of misperceptions about Russia on U.S. policy // Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2021. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33407</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
