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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20638</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-1-11-30</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VERSAILLES PEACE. THE GREAT WAR’S ECHO IN RUSSIA</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>К 100-ЛЕТИЮ ВЕРСАЛЬСКОГО МИРА. ЭХО ВЕЛИКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В РОССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Construction Against the Background of Militarization of her Allies and Opponents, and its Trial by War</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российское военное строительство на фоне милитаризации стран союзников и противников и его испытание войной</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Irina V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>-</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук (Институт российской истории РАН, 2006 г.), профессор Школы исторических наук Национального исследовательского университета “Высшая школа экономики”</p></bio><email>wolkowa-irina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University “Higher School of Economics”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VERSAILLES PEACE. THE GREAT WAR’S ECHO IN RUSSIA</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">К 100-ЛЕТИЮ ВЕРСАЛЬСКОГО МИРА. ЭХО ВЕЛИКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В РОССИИ</issue-title><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-02-28"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Volkova I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Волкова И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/20638">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/20638</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The author analyses Russian military reforms of the late 19th and early 20thcenturies and their inﬂuence on the eﬃciency of the army and the behavior of the lower ranks in military action. Strategic failures of the national army in the early twentieth century are explained by the fact that even in the modernized armed forces military service was not the same for all groups of citizens. These aspects of the Russian experience are compared to military reforms among the Great War’s other belligerents. The notion of the military as ‘the armed nation’ came in two variants. In Great Britain, the 1916 law on universal conscription and the eﬀective mobilization of the civilian population became possible due to the high levels of public support for the political system, the proclaimed values of their country, and a national-civil identity. The German model, by contrast, was built on the foundation not of political integration but of the nation’s identiﬁcation with its army. Russia chose this model but was unable consistently to implement it, primarily because of the extremely low literacy rate among the lower social classes. The low quality of recruits made it necessary to maintain long periods of service for most of the lower ranks. This resulted in a lack of loyalty on the side of the conscripts, and in a negative attitude not only towards military service but also towards the state that established the heavy standards of military duty. The feeling of social injustice was reinforced by the spartan regime that lower class soldiers encountered, while well-educated conscripts - as a rule, from the upper strata of Russian society - were treated better. This discontent increased during the unsuccessful war, further alienating the mass of the conscripts from autocracy and its army.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена анализу преобразований в российской армии конца XIX - начала XX в. и их влиянию на боеспособность войск и поведение нижних чинов в ходе боевых действий. Российский опыт освещается на фоне изменений в военной сфере, которые проводились в странах - участницах Первой мировой войны в ее преддверии. В статье анализируются две модели реорганизации армии: английская (при которой реализация закона о всеобщей воинской повинности 1916 г. и эффективная мобилизация становились возможными благодаря высокому уровню общественной поддержки государства и всей системы национальных ценностей) и германская (которая строилась на основе идентификации нации со своей армией). Автор приходит к выводу о том, что Россия, избравшая германскую модель, не смогла последовательно воплотить ее в жизнь прежде всего из-за низкого уровня грамотности социальных низов. Это сказалось на качественном составе призывников в царскую армию, и как следствие - их нелояльном отношении к воинской службе и царским властям.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>armed people</kwd><kwd>conscription</kwd><kwd>identiﬁcation with the army</kwd><kwd>militarization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вооруженный народ</kwd><kwd>воинская повинность</kwd><kwd>идентификация с армией</kwd><kwd>милитаризация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astashov, A.B. “Russkiy krest’yanin na frontakh Pervoy mirovoy voyny.” [Russian peasant on the fronts of the First World War] Otechestvennaya istoriya, no. 2 (2003): 72−86 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F. Fischer, Griﬀ nach der Welt Macht. 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