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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Russian History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8674</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8690</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19123</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8674-2018-17-3-513-537</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF TURKISH-MUSLIM PEOPLES OF RUSSIA</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ТЮРКО-МУСУЛЬМАНСКИХ НАРОДОВ РОССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Controversy as a mechanism for search and approval of truth (the case of debate on ‘aqidah between Shihabetdin Marjani and his opponents in the Volga region in the last third of the 19th century)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Полемика как механизм поиска и утверждения истины (на примере полемики в вопросах ‘акиды между Шигабутдином Марджани и его оппонентами в Поволжье в последней трети XIX в.)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mardanova</surname><given-names>Dinara Z</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марданова</surname><given-names>Динара Зариповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dinara.mardanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sh. Mardjani Institute of History Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт истории имени Ш. Марджани Академии наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF TURKISH-MUSLIM PEOPLES OF RUSSIA</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ИСТОРИЯ ТЮРКО-МУСУЛЬМАНСКИХ НАРОДОВ РОССИИ</issue-title><fpage>513</fpage><lpage>537</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Mardanova D.Z.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Марданова Д.З.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mardanova D.Z.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Марданова Д.З.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/19123">https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/19123</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is focused on the theological debates on the issues of ‘aqidah between Shihabetdin Marjani and his opponents. The debate is viewed as a mechanism for the search and approval of truth. Being one of the possible answers of the Tatar Muslims to the imperial challenge, the religious debate is analyzed in the light of the changed political, economic and social conditions of the new era, when through theological discussions about the kalam and divine attributes, there were outlined new boundaries of the religious tradition. Within the framework of this problem the following issues are discussed: 1) the polemical genre in the Islamic world; Majlis as a forum for discussions and debates of Muslims in solving topical issues of the intellectual, religious and social character; the types of disputes are jadal and munazara ; 2) the reformation of Islam in the late 19th century among Muslims of the Russian Empire; 3) the discussion of the image of the “true” creed (‘aqidah) through dogmatic discussions about the kalam , mutakallims , the doctrine of the divine attributes and the connection of the attributes with Allah; 4) the sources of the creed (‘ aqidah ), the boundaries of the sources authority; forbidden innovations ( bidaat ); 5) the accusation of unbelief ( takfir ) and the boundaries of unbelief ( kufr ); 6) the return to the “uprightness” through a renewal (tajdid), which supposed, on the one hand, the introduction into the tradition of “necessary” and “true” conceptions, and on the other hand, the rejection of “irrelevant”, that is, allegedly, “untrue” views; 7) the criticism of Marjani as a legitimate participant in the dispute, the innovator of Islam ( mujaddid ) and a theologian and jurist capable of ijtihad ( mujtahid ). The study of the polemic as a reaction of Muslims to the imperial challenge in the new era conditions made it possible to trace the way Muslim scholars outlined the new boundaries of the religious doctrine and thanks to this adapted the religious tradition to the social realities of the Russian Empire in the last third of the 19th century, and simultaneously they reviewed the environment in the light of the sources.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье на примере богословского спора в вопросах ‘акиды (вероучения) между религиозным ученым, богословом и историком Шигабутдином Марджани (1818-1889) и его оппонентами рассматривается полемика как механизм поиска и утверждения истины. Выступая в качестве одного из возможных ответов татар-мусульман на имперский вызов, религиозная полемика анализируется в свете изменившихся политических, экономических и социальных условий Нового времени, когда через теологическиедискуссиио каламе ибожественныхатрибутахочерчивалисьновыеграницы религиозной традиции. В рамках данной проблемы обсуждаются следующие вопросы: 1) полемический жанр в исламском мире; меджлисы как площадки для дискуссий и дебатов мусульман в решении актуальных вопросов интеллектуального, религиозного и социального характера; виды споров - джадал и муназара ; 2) реформирование ислама в конце XIX в. среди мусульман Российской империи; 3) обсуждение образа «истинного» вероучения ( ‘акида ) через догматические дискуссии о каламе, мутакаллимах, учении о божественных атрибутах и связи атрибутов с Аллахом; 4) источники вероучения ( ‘акида ), границы авторитетности источников; запретные нововведения ( бид‘ат ); 5) обвинение в неверии ( такфир ) и границы неверия ( куфр ); 6) возвращение на «прямой путь» через обновление ( таждид ), предполагавшее, с одной стороны, введение в традицию «необходимых» и «истинных» представлений, с другой - отказ от «неактуальных», то есть якобы «неистинных» воззрений; 7) критика Марджани в качестве легитимного участника спора, обновителя ислама ( муджаддид ), богослова и правоведа, способного на иджтихад ( муджтахид ). Изучение полемики как реакции мусульман на имперский вызов в условиях Нового времени позволяет проследить, как мусульманские ученые очерчивали новые границы религиозного учения и благодаря этому адаптировали религиозную традицию к социальным реалиям Российской империи в последней трети XIX в. и одновременно пересматривали окружающую действительность в свете первоисточников.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>religious debate</kwd><kwd>late 19th century</kwd><kwd>the Russian Empire</kwd><kwd>the Volga region</kwd><kwd>Marjani</kwd><kwd>Ishmi Ishan</kwd><kwd>reform (islah)</kwd><kwd>aqidah</kwd><kwd>divine attributes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>религиозная полемика</kwd><kwd>Российская империя</kwd><kwd>Поволжье</kwd><kwd>Марджани</kwd><kwd>Ишми ишан</kwd><kwd>реформа (ислах)</kwd><kwd>‘акида</kwd><kwd>божественные атрибуты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">After Conversation: Iberia and the Emergence of Modernity. 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