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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Public Administration</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Public Administration</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия:  Государственное и муниципальное управление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8313</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1228</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45821</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8313-2025-12-2-255-280</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QDQOWJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>International Experience of Public Administration</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Международный опыт государственного управления</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Political disputes, economic sanctions, and use of cryptocurrencies in Iran and Venezuela</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Политические разногласия, экономические санкции и использование криптовалют в Иране и Венесуэле</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8866-1377</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Colmenares</surname><given-names>Angel</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колменарес</surname><given-names>Анхель</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master of Science, Professor, Instructor, Head of the Chair of Insurance, School of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, профессор, преподаватель, заведующий кафедрой страхования, Школа статистики и актуарных наук</p></bio><email>angel.colmenares@ucv.ve</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central University of Venezuela</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный университет Венесуэлы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 12, NO2 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 12, №2 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>255</fpage><lpage>280</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-09"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Colmenares A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Колменарес А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Colmenares A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колменарес А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/public-administration/article/view/45821">https://journals.rudn.ru/public-administration/article/view/45821</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela since the establishment of their current constitutions, in 1979 and 1999 respectively, have publicly and notoriously professed, on the part of their diff governments, their disagreement on the foreign policies of the United States. For its role, the American State has severely sanctioned the economies of both countries. The present investigation proposes to show several indicators of the economic and demographic scope to understand the impact of these economic sanctions on both countries. With special attention to the use of cryptocurrencies, in this case, bitcoin, as an alternative to traditional fi mechanisms controlled mostly by the United States. With a detailed narration of recent historical events and all executive orders regarding sanctions, a reconstruction of diplomatic relations is made, which, together with a review of cryptocurrency regulations, allows a better understanding of the evolution of indicators displayed. Finally, it is shown that the change in the trend in the economic indicators of both countries occurs in the years in which sanctions by the United States of America become more acute. On the other hand, given the constant values of the fl of remittances shown by the world bank, an estimate of this amount is proposed through the number of migrants, which shows that there is a high correlation between this fl of remittances and interest in the term “bitcoin” in the popular Google search engine. The fi could suggest that the primary use of said cryptocurrency is the transfer of remittances.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исламская Республика Иран и Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла с момента принятия их нынешних конституций - в 1979 и 1999 гг. соответственно - последовательно и открыто выражают несогласие с внешнеполитическим курсом Соединенных Штатов Америки. В ответ США ввело жесткие экономические санкции в отношении обеих стран. Исследование направлено на анализ ряда экономических и демографических показателей с целью выявления последствий этих санкций. Особое внимание уделено использованию криптовалют, в частности биткойна как альтернативного финансового инструмента, не находящегося под контролем финансовых структур, где США имеют доминирующее положение. Путем детального изложения последних исторических событий и анализа всех исполнительных указов, связанных с санкционной политикой, осуществлена реконструкция дипломатических отношений между указанными странами. Предпринятый анализ, в совокупности с обзором законодательства в сфере криптовалют, позволяет глубже понять динамику представленных экономических индикаторов. В заключение отмечено, что изменение тенденции в развитии ключевых экономических показателей в обеих странах происходит в те годы, когда санкции со стороны США усиливаются. В то же время, с учетом стабильных объемов денежных переводов, фиксируемых Всемирным банком, предпринята попытка оценки этого показателя через анализ численности мигрантов. Полученные результаты демонстрируют высокую степень корреляции между объемами денежных переводов и уровнем интереса к слову «биткойн» в поисковой системе Google. Это наблюдение позволяет предположить, что основным назначением рассматриваемой криптовалюты в данном контексте является осуществление трансграничных денежных переводов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>foreign trade</kwd><kwd>sanctions avoidance</kwd><kwd>bitcoin</kwd><kwd>Unites States</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внешняя торговля</kwd><kwd>обход санкций</kwd><kwd>биткойн</kwd><kwd>США</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>US Economic and Financial Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Cambridge University Press eBooks. 2025:196–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009471381.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Azzam I. 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