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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Public Administration</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Public Administration</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия:  Государственное и муниципальное управление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8313</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1228</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45055</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8313-2025-12-1-7-21</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WWCWFZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>International Experience of Public Administration</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Международный опыт государственного управления</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Institutionalized trial and error: a turn to rule-based policy experimentation in China</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Институционализированный метод проб и ошибок в Китае: поворот к политическим экспериментам, основанным на правилах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-3493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лю</surname><given-names>Янь</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor of School of Journalism and New Media</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доцент Школы журналистики и новых медиа</p></bio><email>karenly_62@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2641-6014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Zhenhua</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуан</surname><given-names>Чжэньхуа</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Law Science, Professor of Institute for China Rural Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, профессор Института сельских исследований Китая</p></bio><email>zhh0626@163.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Xi’an Jiaotong University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сианьский университет Цзяотун</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central China Normal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центрально-китайский педагогический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-16"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Liu Y., Huang Z.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Лю Я., Хуан Ч.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Huang Z.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лю Я., Хуан Ч.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/public-administration/article/view/45055">https://journals.rudn.ru/public-administration/article/view/45055</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>As confirmed by previous studies, experimentation-based policymaking in China is a highly versatile, pragmatic style that sharply contrasts with the more legalistic, bureaucratic policy approaches. Analyzing the history and recent development of rural reform experimental zones (RREZs), the authors demonstrate that China’s unorthodox policy experimentation has been gradually adapted to function smoothly within the country’s hierarchical bureaucratic structure governed by formal rules. The process of institutionalizing experimentation started in the early 2010s as a response to the nationwide promotion of “top-level design” and the rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The institutionalization has strengthened the procedural stability, legality, and political accountability of experimentation-based policymaking in China. Contrary to the popular interpretation of this change as a sign of notable reduction in decentralized policy entrepreneurship, the case of the RREZs shows that the rule-based institutionalized policy experimentation model continues much of the legacy of the traditional model and still functions as a laboratory for testing intensive policy reform experiments in China.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Как подтверждают предыдущие исследования, в Китае разработка политики на основе экспериментов характеризуется весьма гибким прагматичным стилем, который резко контрастирует с более легалистскими, бюрократическими подходами. Анализируя историю и развитие экспериментальных зон для сельской реформы (ЭЗСР), авторы показывают, что неортодоксальное китайское экспериментирование в политике постепенно адаптировалось для бесперебойного функционирования в иерархической бюрократической структуре страны, регулируемой формальными правилами. Процесс институционализации экспериментирования начался в начале 2010-х гг. в ответ на общенациональное продвижение «проектирования на высшем уровне» и верховенства закона с китайской спецификой. Институционализация укрепила процедурную стабильность, законность и политическую подотчетность практики экспериментального принятия политических решений в Китае. Вопреки популярному толкованию этого изменения в стилях разработки политики как признака политической децентрализации, ЭЗСР показывает, что основанная на правилах экспериментальная политики по-прежнему во многом продолжает наследие традиционной модели и может функционировать в качестве лаборатории для тестирования экспериментов по реформированию политики в Китае.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>policy experimentation</kwd><kwd>institutionalization</kwd><kwd>policymaking</kwd><kwd>administrative accountability</kwd><kwd>rural reform experimental zone</kwd><kwd>RREZ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспериментирование в политике</kwd><kwd>институционализация</kwd><kwd>разработка политики</kwd><kwd>административная подотчетность</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная зона сельской реформы</kwd><kwd>ЭЗСР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Husain L. Policy experimentation and innovation as a response to complexity in China’s management of health reforms. 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