RUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsRUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика2313-16832313-1705Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)5046710.22363/2313-1683-2025-22-4-635-654OSMBZXPERSONALITY AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGESЛИЧНОСТЬ И ВЫЗОВЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИResearch ArticlePredictors and Correlates of Spiritual Well-Being: The Role of Schwartz’s Basic Individual ValuesПредикторы и корреляты духовного благополучия: роль базовых индивидуальных ценностей Шварцаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-55128640-5865BakushkinIvan A.БакушкинИван Анатольевич

Postgraduate Student at the Department of Psychology and Pedagogics, Faculty of Philology, RUDN University; Chairman of the Department for Missionary Work and Youth Affairs of the Kolomna Diocese

аспирант кафедры психологии и педагогики филологического факультета, Российский университет дружбы народов; председатель Отдела по миссионерской работе и делам молодежи Коломенской епархии

ioann_85@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-1177572052346115277-4559ErshovaRegina V.ЕршоваРегина Вячеславовна

D.Sc. in Psychology, Professor, Department of Psychology and Pedagogics, Faculty of Philology

доктор психологических наук, профессор кафедры психологии и педагогики филологического факультета

erchovareg@mail.ruRUDN UniversityРоссийский университет дружбы народовDepartment of Missionary Work and Youth Affairs of the Kolomna DioceseОтдел по миссионерской работе и делам молодежи Коломенской епархии04062026224VOL 22, NO4 (2025)ТОМ 22, №4 (2025)63565404062026Copyright ©; 2026, Bakushkin I.A., Ershova R.V.Copyright ©; 2026, Бакушкин И.А., Ершова Р.В.2026Bakushkin I.A., Ershova R.V.Бакушкин И.А., Ершова Р.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/50467

Spiritual well-being is an important facet of mental health, but its motivational foundations in basic personal values remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between spiritual well-being and basic individual values identified by S.H. Schwartz on a large Russian-speaking sample. To this end, a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 2024, including 959 persons (females = 79.4%, Mage = 38.6, SD = 14.0). Spiritual well-being was assessed with the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (religious and existential subscales), and values were measured with the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-R2R). Spearman’s correlation analysis and stepwise multivariate linear regression models were used to identify robust value correlates of total spiritual well-being and its components. The participants reported predominantly moderate-to-high spiritual well-being, with religious aspects predominating over existential ones. At the bivariate level, spiritual well-being was most strongly and consistently associated with communityand stability-oriented values (e.g., interpersonal conformity, security, tradition, and universalistic facets) and inversely associated with self-enhancementand pleasure-oriented values (e.g., power, hedonism, and achievement). In multivariate models, interpersonal conformity emerged as the most stable positive predictor for all the components studied; additional unique negative effects for selected value facets (e.g., components of universalism and achievement) appeared after the shared variance among intercorrelated values had been accounted for. Overall, the findings suggest that spiritual wellbeing in this context is primarily anchored in relational harmony, prosocial orientation, and preservation motives rather than statusor pleasure-seeking priorities.

Духовное благополучие является важным аспектом психического здоровья, однако его мотивационные основы и базовые личностные ценности остаются недостаточно изученными. В данном исследовании на большой русскоязычной выборке изучались связи между духовным благополучием и базовыми индивидуальными ценностями, выделенными Ш. Шварцом. В онлайн-исследовании, проведенном в 2024 г., приняло участие 959 участников (79,4% женщин; M возраст = 38,6, SD = 14,0). Духовное благополучие измерялось с помощью «Шкалы духовного благополучия» (включает религиозную и экзистенциальную субшкалы), а индивидуальные ценности диагносировались пересмотренным «Портретным ценностным опросником» (PVQ-R2R). Для выявления устойчивых корреляций между индивидуальными ценностями и общим духовным благополучием и его компонентами использовались ранговый корреляционный анализ Спирмена и пошаговые модели множественной линейной регрессии. У большинства участников выявлен преимущественно умеренный или высокий уровень духовного благополучия, при этом религиозное благополучие, как правило, выражено выше экзистенциального. На бивариативном уровне духовное благополучие наиболее сильно положительно связано с межличностным конформизмом, безопасностью, традициями и аспектами универсализма и отрицательно - с ценностями самоутверждения, власти, гедонизма, достижений. В многомерных моделях межличностный конформизм выступил наиболее стабильным позитивным предиктором для всех изучаемых компонентов духовного благополучия. В целом полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что духовное благополучие в ценностном контексте в первую очередь связано с гармонией в отношениях, просоциальной ориентацией и мотивами сохранения, а не с приоритетами, связанными со стремлением к статусу или удовольствиям.

spiritual well-being scalespiritual well-beingreligious well-beingexistential well-beingportrait value questionnairevaluesbasic individual valuesшкала духовного благополучиядуховное благополучиерелигиозное благополучиеэкзистенциональное благополучиепортретный ценностный опросникценностибазовые индивидуальные ценностиAhrens, C.E., Abeling, S., Ahmad, S., & Hinman, J.A. (2010). Spirituality and well-being: The relationship between religious coping and recovery from sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(7), 1242–1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340533Al-Thani, H. (2025). Religion and spiritual well-being: A qualitative exploration of perspectives of higher education faculty in Qatar and its challenge to western well-being paradigms. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1549863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549863Alrashidi, N., Alreshidi, M., Dator, W., Maestrado, R., Villareal, S., Buta, J., Pangket, P., Mos­to­les, R., Gonzales, A., Mina, E., & An, E.P. (2022). The mediating role of spiritual intelligence on well-being and life satisfaction among nurses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A path analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120515Bakushkin, I.A., & Ershova, R.V. (2025). Russian-language adaptation of the questionnaire “Scale of spiritual Well-Being” (Spiritual Well-Being Scale). Perspectives of Science and Education, 74(2), 393–409. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2025.2.25Bergin, A.E. (1991). Values and religious issues in psychotherapy and mental health. American Psychologist, 46(4), 394–403. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.46.4.394Bohlmeijer, E., Frielingsdorf, L., Kraiss, J., Jager-Meezenbroek, E.D., Visser, A., & Klooster, P.T.T. (2023). Spirituality in the context of well-being. Evaluation of the psychometric properties and added value of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF). Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(3), 1169–1190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00640-8Boer, D. (2017). Values and affective well-being: How culture and environmental threat influence their association. In S. Roccas & L. Sagiv (Eds.), Values and behavior: Taking a cross-cultural perspective (pp. 191–218). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_9Bojanowska, A., & Kaczmarek, Ł.D. (2022a). How healthy and unhealthy values predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: Dissecting value-related beliefs and behaviours. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(1), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00396-zBojanowska, A., & Kaczmarek, Ł.D. (2022b). Correction to: How healthy and unhealthy values predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: Dissecting value-related beliefs and behaviours. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(7), 3691–3691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00556-9Bojanowska, A., Kaczmarek, Ł.D., Urbańska, B., & Puchalska, M. (2022c). Acting on values: A novel intervention enhancing hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(8), 3889–3908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00585-4Bojanowska, A., & Piotrowski, K. (2021). Two levels of personality: Temperament and values and their effects on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0043-0Bojanowska, A., & Urbańska, B. (2021). Individual values and well-being: The moderating role of personality traits. International Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 698–709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12751Broeck, A.V.D., Schreurs, B., Guenter, H., & van Emmerik, IJ.H. (2015). Skill utilization and well-being: A cross-level story of day-to-day fluctuations and personal intrinsic values. Work & Stress, 29(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1074955Bulkley, J., McMullen, C.K., Hornbrook, M.C., Grant, M., Altschuler, A., Wendel, C.S., & Krouse, R.S. (2013). Spiritual well-being in long-term colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies. Psycho-Oncology, 22(11), 2513–2521. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3318Carlucci, L., Tommasi, M., Balsamo, M., Furnham, A., & Saggino, A. (2015). Religious fundamentalism and psychological well-being: An Italian study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 43(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711504300103Carson, V., Soeken, K., & Grimm, P.M. (1988). Hope and its relationship to spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 16(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718801600205Cieciuch, J., Davidov, E., Vecchione, M., Beierlein, C., & Schwartz, S. (2014). The cross-national invariance properties of a new scale to measure 19 basic human values: A test across eight countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(5), 764–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114527348Edmondson, D., Park, C.L., Blank, T.O., Fenster, J.R., & Mills, M.A. (2008). Deconstructing spiritual well-being: Existential well-being and HRQOL in cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 17(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1197Ellison, C.W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100406Fabricatore, A.N., Handal, P.J., & Fenzel, L.M. (2000). Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710002800305Florez, I.A., Allbaugh, L.J., Harris, C.E., Schwartz, A.C., & Kaslow, N.J. (2018). Suicidal ideation and hopelessness in PTSD: Spiritual well-being mediates outcomes over time. Anxiety Stress & Coping, 31(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1369260Gunes, H., Bulbuloglu, S., & Sarıtaş, S. (2025). Investigation of life satisfaction and spiritual well-being of living liver donors in Turkey. Current Psychology, 44(7), 5654–5661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07605-5Heidari, M., HoseinPour, M.A., Ardebili, M., & Yoosefee, S. (2022). The association of the spiritual health and psychological well-being of teachers with their organizational commitment. BMC Psychology, 10(1). 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00768-xIrawati, K., Indarwati, F., Haris, F., Lu, J., & Shih, Y. (2023). Religious practices and spiritual well-being of schizophrenia: Muslim perspective. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 739–748. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S402582Johnson, J.W. (2000). A heuristic method for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_1Joshanloo, M., & Ghaedi, G. (2009). Value priorities as predictors of hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 294–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.016Kim, Y., Carver, C.S., Spillers, R.L., Crammer, C., & Zhou, E.S. (2011). Individual and dyadic relations between spiritual well-being and quality of life among cancer survivors and their spousal caregivers. Psycho-Oncology, 20(7), 762-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1778Khiyali, Z., Naderi, Z., Vakil, M., Ghasemi, H., Dehghan, A., & Bijani, M. (2023). A study of COVID anxiety, spiritual well-being and resilience levels in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in the south of Iran. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01126-1Khodarahimi, S., Ghadampour, E., & Karami, A. (2021). The roles of spiritual well-being and tolerance of uncertainty in prediction of happiness in elderly. Anales de Psicologia / Annals of Psychology, 37(2), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.6018/ANALESPS.446871Krishnan, M., & Rahim, S.A. (2014). Hubungkait komunikasi kesihatan dengan kesan hirarki isu kesihatan terhadap perubahan amalan gaya hidup sihat. Jurnal Komunikasi, 30(1), 140–169. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2014-3001-08Lee, H.-С., & Fung, J. (2024). A cross-lagged longitudinal model of the relationships between self-compassion, spiritual well-being, and burnout among Taiwanese clergy. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 53(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471241300156Liaquat, S., Sultan, S., & Husain, I. (2013). New horizon of spiritual well-being and hope among cancer patients: A psychological aspect. I-Manager’s Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(4), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.26634/JPSY.6.4.2185Liu, Q., Ho, K.-Y., Lam, K.-K.-W., Lam, W., Cheng, E.-H.-L., Ching, S.-S.-Y., Belay, G.M., & Wong, F.-K.-Y. (2022). Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy spiritual well-being scale among Chinese childhood cancer patients in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1065854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1065854Maselko, J., Gilman, S.E., & Buka, S. (2009). Religious service attendance and spiritual well-being are differentially associated with risk of major depression. Psychological Medicine, 39(6), 1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004418McLouth, L.E., Ford, C.G., Pustejovsky, J.E., Park, C.L., Sherman, A.C., Trevino, K., & Salsman, J.M. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of psychosocial interventions on spiritual well-being in adults with cancer. Psycho-Оncology, 30(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5562Mitchell, P., & Alexandrova, A. (2021) Well-being and pluralism. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(6), 2411–2433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00323-8Morris, J.D. (1981). Updating the criterion for regression predictor variable selection. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41(3), 777–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448104100316Paloutzian, R.F., & Ellison, C.W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Park, C.L., Magin, Z.E., Bellizzi, K.M., & Sanft, T. (2024). Trajectories of cancer survivors’ spiritual well-being through the transition from treatment to early survivorship. Psycho-Oncology, 33(12), e70040. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.70040Ramesh, S., Besharat, M.A., & Nough, H. (2021) Spiritual well-being and coronary artery diseases severity: Mediating effects of anger rumination and worry. Health Education Journal, 80(5), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896920976697Ruffing, E.G., Oleson, D., Tomlinson, J., Park, S.H., & Sandage, S.J. (2021). Humility and relational spirituality as predictors of well-being among Christian seminary students. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 49(4), 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647121988968Russo-Netzer, P., & Atad, O.I. (2024). Activating values intervention: an integrative pathway to well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1375237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375237Saroglou, V., Delpierre, V., & Dernelle, R. (2004). Values and religiosity: A meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz’s Model. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 721–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.005Schwartz, S.-H. (2006). Les valeurs de base de la personne: Théorie, mesures et applications. Revue Française de Sociologie. 47(4), 929–968. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.474.0929Schwartz, S.H. (2015). Basic individual values: Sources and consequences. In D. Sander and T. Brosch (Eds.), Handbook of Value (pp. 63–84). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716600.003.0004Schwartz, S.H., Butenko, T.P., Sedova, D.S., & Lipatova, A.S. (2012). A refined theory of basic individual values: application in Russia. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 9(2), 43–70. (In Russ.).Schwartz, S.H., & Sortheix, F.M. (2018). Values and subjective well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L.Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp.833–847). Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.Schwartz, S.H., & Cieciuch, J. (2022). Measuring the refined theory of individual values in 49 cultural groups: Psychometrics of the revised portrait value questionnaire. Assessment. 29(5), 1005 –1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191121998760Shin, K. (2014). 보육교사의 종교적 안녕과 실존적 안녕이교사의 직무 만족과 삶 만족에 미치는 효과. 한국보육학회지, 14(4), 87–104. https://doi.org/G704-SER000008863.2014.14.4.005Sun, V., Kim, J.Y., Irish, T.L., Borneman, T., Sidhu, R.K., Klein, L., & Ferrell, B. (2016). Palliative care and spiritual well-being in lung cancer patients and family caregivers. Psycho-Oncology, 25(12), 1448–1455. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3987Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., & Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01525You, S., & Lim, S. (2019). Religious orientation and subjective well-being: The mediating role of meaning in life. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 47(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118795180Woltin, K.-A., & Sneddon, J. (2025). Associations between personal values and regulatory focus: A partial replication for basic values and an extension to refined values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 661–679. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.3157Wong-Mcdonald, A., & Gorsuch, R.L. (2004). A multivariate theory of God concept, religious motivation, locus of control, coping, and spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 318–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710403200404