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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49474</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2025-22-3-459-480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VMIPSR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT TRENDS IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Laughter and the Normative Situation: Structural-Dialectical Analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Смех и нормативная ситуация: структурно-диалектический анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-7319</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">43061607700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9770-0787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veraksa</surname><given-names>Nikolai E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веракса</surname><given-names>Николай Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc. in Psychology, Professor of Department of Educational Psychology and Pedagogy, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор психологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры психологии образования и педагогики</p></bio><email>neveraksa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-6645</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7801544920</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">J-9671-2012</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1570-8446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovyazina</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковязина</surname><given-names>Мария Станиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc. in Psychology, Professor of the Department of Neuro- and Pathopsychology, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор психологических наук, профессор кафедры нейро- и патопсихологии факультета психологии</p></bio><email>kms130766@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-9127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35329260200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-1822-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5290-5014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayanova</surname><given-names>Larisa F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баянова</surname><given-names>Лариса Фаритовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc. in Psychology, Professor, Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Childhood Psychology and Digital Socialization, Federal Scientific Center for Psychological and Interdisciplinary Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор психологических наук, доцент, профессор, Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова ; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории психологии детства и цифровой социализации, Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований</p></bio><email>balan7@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-9799</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57238702800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ABD-3602-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5022-5391</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Airapetyan</surname><given-names>Zlata V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айрапетян</surname><given-names>Злата Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Department of Educational Psychology and Pedagogics, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник кафедры психологии образования и педагогики</p></bio><email>zlata.a.v@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-4649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57211317843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">GNW-6424-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7680-8527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oshchepkova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ощепкова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. in Philology, Researcher at the Department of Psychology of Education and Pedagogy, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, научный сотрудник кафедры психологии образования и педагогики факультета психологии</p></bio><email>oshchepkova_es@iling-ran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center for Psychological and Interdisciplinary Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>480</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Veraksa N.E., Kovyazina M.S., Bayanova L.F., Airapetyan Z.V., Oshchepkova E.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Веракса Н.Е., Ковязина М.С., Баянова Л.Ф., Айрапетян З.В., Ощепкова Е.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Veraksa N.E., Kovyazina M.S., Bayanova L.F., Airapetyan Z.V., Oshchepkova E.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Веракса Н.Е., Ковязина М.С., Баянова Л.Ф., Айрапетян З.В., Ощепкова Е.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/49474">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/49474</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the article is to compare the features of a normative situation and laughter as a response to a humorous stimulus. The prerequisite for this task is the fact that most researchers recognize the social nature of laughter, suggesting a correspondence between the social structure and the structure of laughter. The authors note that, to date, no unified theory of laughter, accepted by the majority of researchers, has been developed. For this reason, the study was conducted using materials from the classical works by M.M. Bakhtin, H. Bergson, V.Y. Propp, and other scientists. As the theoretical research method, the authors chose structuraldialectical analysis. This method involves identifying oppositions in the structure of the examined phenomenon and explaining the logic of transformations or changes in the object as a logic of possibilities. The structural-dialectical analysis of laughter in comparison with the normative situation has revealed that both the structure of the normative situation and the structure of laughter contain natural and cultural components. Laughter is often interpreted by researchers as a natural behavior, akin to tickling or an organic reflex. However, distinctions emerge when laughter as vocalization observed in the animal kingdom is compared with laughter as an evaluative response to social situations in human life. Natural situations lack normative frameworks and therefore do not elicit laughter. In contrast, normative situations do so as a result of evaluating an individual’s inconsistency with the rules governing such situations. The analysis has shown that both normative situations and laughter exhibit pronounced dialectical properties in their structures. These properties manifest themselves in contradictory relations between elements of normative situations and similar dynamics in the construction of humorous stimuli. The findings suggest that laughter serves as a unique tool for maintaining social cohesion by unifying its structural components.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена сопоставлению особенностей нормативной ситуации и смеха как реакции субъекта на юмористический стимул. Предпосылкой для постановки такой задачи послужило признание большинством исследователей социальной природы смеха, что позволяет полагать существование соответствия социальной структуры и структуры смеха. Отмечается, что до настоящего времени не разработано единой теории смеха, признанной большинством специалистов. В связи с этим в качестве материала для анализа были рассмотрены ставшие классическими работы М.М. Бахтина, А. Бергсона, В.Я. Проппа и других ученых. Методом теоретического исследования был выбран структурно-диалектический анализ, который подразумевает выявление противоположностей в структуре исследуемого объекта. Структурно-диалектический метод раскрывает логику преобразований или изменений объекта как логику возможностей. В процессе структурно-диалектического анализа смеха в сопоставлении его с нормативной ситуацией обнаружено, что и в структуре нормативной ситуации, и в структуре смеха представлены натуральные и культурные компоненты. Смех довольно часто рассматривается исследователями в контексте натурального поведения по типу щекотки или органической реакции. Смех как вокализация, имеющая место в животном мире, и смех как оценочная реакция на ситуацию в социальной жизни людей, обнаруживают различия при анализе данного явления в контексте нормативной ситуации. Ситуация натуральная не порождает смех. Нормативная ситуация инициирует смех как результат несоответствия поведения в нормативной ситуации. В ходе анализа было установлено, что и нормативная ситуация, и смех имеют в своей структуре ярко выраженные диалектические свойства. Эти свойства представлены противоречивыми отношениями между элементами нормативной ситуации и аналогичными отношениями в процессах конструирования юмористических стимулов. Проведенный анализ позволяет сделать вывод, что смех выступает в качестве особого инструмента удержания социума в единстве его структурных компонентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>humor</kwd><kwd>laughter</kwd><kwd>normative situation</kwd><kwd>dialectical structure</kwd><kwd>structuraldialectical psychology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>юмор</kwd><kwd>смех</kwd><kwd>нормативная ситуация</kwd><kwd>диалектическая структура</kwd><kwd>структурно-диалектический метод анализа</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Гранта РНФ № 24-18-00437</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), Grant No. 24-18-00437</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen, M.M., Schjoedt, U., Price, H., Rosas, F.E., Scrivner, C., &amp; Clasen, M. 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