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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2025-22-2-289-315</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UVSDER</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT TRENDS IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Psychophysiological mechanisms of internal pronunciation of words in people with stuttering</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Психофизиологические механизмы внутреннего проговаривания при заикании</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-9643</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9511-2918</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vartanov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вартанов</surname><given-names>Александр Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Psychology, Senior Researcher, Department of Psychophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, кафедра психофизиологии</p></bio><email>a_v_vartanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-5322</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1895-9026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselnikov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисельников</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Psychology, Senior Researcher, Department of Psychophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, кафедра психофизиологии</p></bio><email>kiselnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9296-714X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abrosimova</surname><given-names>Vasilisa D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абросимова</surname><given-names>Василиса Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant, Department of Psychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант кафедры психофизиологии, факультет психологии</p></bio><email>vasilisaabr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2513-8359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubko</surname><given-names>Veronika M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубко</surname><given-names>Вероника Максимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Department of Psychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры психофизиологии, факультет психологии</p></bio><email>q158veronika@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3028-2278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonovich</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонович</surname><given-names>Дарья Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>dagubareva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-4280</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9395-5102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevaldova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевалдова</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>shevaldova_ov@academpharm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-5203</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krysko</surname><given-names>Mariya D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крысько</surname><given-names>Мария Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Lecturer, Department of General Psychology, L.S. Vygotsky Institute of Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры общей психологии, Институт психологии имени Л.С. Выготского</p></bio><email>mariya.krysko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center for Innovative and Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр оригинальных и перспективных биомедицинских и фармацевтических технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian State University for the Humanities</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный гуманитарный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 22, NO2 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 22, №2 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>289</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Vartanov A.V., Kiselnikov A.A., Abrosimova V.D., Zubko V.M., Leonovich D.A., Shevaldova O.V., Krysko M.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Вартанов А.В., Кисельников А.А., Абросимова В.Д., Зубко В.М., Леонович Д.А., Шевалдова О.В., Крысько М.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vartanov A.V., Kiselnikov A.A., Abrosimova V.D., Zubko V.M., Leonovich D.A., Shevaldova O.V., Krysko M.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вартанов А.В., Кисельников А.А., Абросимова В.Д., Зубко В.М., Леонович Д.А., Шевалдова О.В., Крысько М.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/47846">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/47846</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The identification of psychophysiological mechanisms underlying internal pronunciation in healthy individuals may enhance the performance of modern brain–computer interfaces that rely on the recognition of mental commands. Studying the brain mechanisms of internal pronunciation in people with stuttering can contribute to understanding the causes of this speech disorder and to developing new or improving existing methods of stuttering correction. The purpose of the study was to compare the psychophysiological mechanisms of internal speech (internal pronunciation) and word perception in people with normal and speech defects (stuttering). Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained from 35 participants (25 with normal speech and 10 with stuttering) using a 19-channel system while they performed a task involving listening to and internally pronouncing four words in Russian (“sakhar”, “shashlyk”, “raketa”, and “r’aketa”). The analysis was carried out using a novel tool – the virtual implanted electrode technique (Patent RU 2,785,268 C1 by A.V. Vartanov), which enables the reconstruction of neural activity across several brain regions, including six areas of interest: Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and their right-hemisphere homologues, as well as the cerebellum bilaterally. The activity data obtained were compared in control (normal) groups and people with stuttering. The comparison revealed significant differences in reconstructed electrical activity with an emphasis on hyperactivation in stutterers of the Broca’s area, the symmetrical zone on the right, and the cerebellar cortex bilaterally, compared with the control group, when listening and pronouncing words internally. In this way the process of perception and internal pronunciation of words in a group of normals and stutterers is different. The significant differences observed in Broca’s area likely reflect its primary role in speech production, whereas differences in the cerebellar cortex may be related to its supportive function in the motor coordination of speech. The absence of differences in the Wernicke’s zone can be considered as a consequence of the lack of auditory feedback during internal pronunciation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Выявление психофизиологических механизмов внутреннего проговаривания у здоровых людей позволит улучшить работу современных интерфейсов мозг — компьютер, использующих распознавание мыслительных команд. Изучение мозговых механизмов внутреннего проговаривания у людей с заиканием позволит приблизить решение вопроса о причинах данного дефекта речи и создать новые или улучшить существующие способы его коррекции. Цель исследования — сравнение психофизиологических механизмов внутреннего проговаривания и восприятия слов у людей в норме и при заикании. У 35 человек (25 норма, 10 заикающиеся) регистрировалась 19-канальная ЭЭГ при выполнении задания на прослушивание и внутреннее проговаривание четырех слов (сахар, шашлык, ракета, р’акета). Анализ записей проводился с помощью нового метода — «виртуально вживленный электрод» (Патент RU 2 785 268 C1, разработчик А.В. Вартанов), с помощью которого была реконструирована активность в ряде областей мозга, в том числе в шести областях интереса: зона Брока, зона Вернике и симметричные им области мозга справа, а также мозжечок билатерально. Полученные данные активности сравнивались у групп нормы и людей с заиканием. Сравнение выявило значимые различия реконструированой электрической активности с акцентом на гиперактивацию у заикающихся по сравнению с группой контроля при прослушивании и внутреннем проговаривании слов: в зоне Брока, симметричной ей зоне справа, а также в коре мозжечка билатерально. Таким образом, процесс восприятия и внутреннего проговаривания слов у группы нормы и заикающихся отличается. Значимые различия реконструированной электрической активности в зоне Брока можно объяснить ее непосредственным участием в продуцировании речи, а в коре мозжечка — его вспомогательной ролью в реализации моторного компонента речи. Отсутствие различий в зоне Вернике можно рассматривать как следствие отсутствия слуховой обратной связи при внутреннем проговаривании.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>internal pronunciation</kwd><kwd>stuttering</kwd><kwd>reconstructed electrical activity</kwd><kwd>virtual implanted electrode</kwd><kwd>Broca’s area</kwd><kwd>Wernicke’s area</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внутреннее проговаривание</kwd><kwd>заикание</kwd><kwd>реконструированная электрическая активность</kwd><kwd>виртуально вживленный электрод</kwd><kwd>зона Брока</kwd><kwd>зона Вернике</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РНФ № 20-18-00067-П.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), Grant No. 20-18-00067-P.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alderson-Day, B., Weis, S., McCarthy-Jones, S., Moseley, P., Smailes, D., &amp; Fernyhough, C. 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