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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45651</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2024-21-2-385-407</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JAEIPV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IDENTITY, MIGRATION AND INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ, МИГРАЦИЯ И МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ НА ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ideal and Real Multiculturalism in Post-Soviet Countries: Relationship with Mutual Acculturation and Psychological Well-Being among Ethnic Majorities and Minorities</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Идеальный и реальный мультикультурализм в постсоветских странах: связь со взаимной аккультурацией и психологическим благополучием этнического большинства и меньшинства</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-8242</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7011-5082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepshokova</surname><given-names>Zarina Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепшокова</surname><given-names>Зарина Хизировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Chief Research Fellow, Center for Sociocultural Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, доцент Департамента психологии Факультета социальных наук, главный научный сотрудник Центра социокультурных исследований</p></bio><email>taimiris@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7123-2058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Djukic</surname><given-names>Jelena</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джукич</surname><given-names>Елена</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, доцент</p></bio><email>jelenagent@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-2126</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernaya</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черная</surname><given-names>Анна Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head of the Department of Developmental Psychology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор психологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой психологии развития</p></bio><email>avchernaya@sfedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academy for Human Development</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Академия человеческого развития</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Southern Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южный федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO2 (2024)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №2 (2024)</issue-title><fpage>385</fpage><lpage>407</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-28"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Lepshokova Z.K., Djukic J., Chernaya A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Лепшокова З.Х., Джукич Е., Черная А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lepshokova Z.K., Djukic J., Chernaya A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лепшокова З.Х., Джукич Е., Черная А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/45651">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/45651</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents a socio-psychological view of multiculturalism as a subjective reflection of the sociocultural context at the level of attitudes and perceptions. The concepts of ideal (expected) and real (perceived) multiculturalism are distinguished and studied in relationship with acculturation preferences and psychological well-being among members of ethnic minority and majority groups. The study was conducted on members of the Russian ethnic minority ( N = 746) and the ethnic majorities ( N = 754) of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Estonia. The total sample size was 1,500 respondents. The methodological tools included prescriptive and descriptive versions of The Multicultural Ideology Scale (MIS) , The Acculturation Strategies Scale for Ethnic Minorities , The Acculturation Expectations Scale for Ethnic Majorities , The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) , and The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) . The analysis revealed that the universal basis for life satisfaction among members of the Russian ethnic minority and the ethnic majorities in all the post-Soviet countries studied was real (perceived) multiculturalism but not abstract attitudes towards the adoption of multicultural ideology. Moreover, real multiculturalism, as perceived by the Russian minority, also serves as a universal basis for their choice of the integration strategy in intercultural interactions with members of the ethnic majority. But for the members of the ethnic majority, real multiculturalism in their perception manifests itself as a basis for the integration or assimilation of the Russians, depending on the context: thus, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz tend toward the former, while the Estonians tend toward the latter. These and other findings are discussed within the sociocultural contexts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Estonia, as well as within the core differences between ideal and real multiculturalism. The article concludes with an exploration of the practical value of the tested model for diagnosing intercultural relations in multicultural societies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье раскрывается социально-психологический взгляд на мультикультурализм как субъективное отражение социокультурного контекста на уровне установок и восприятия. Разграничиваются понятия идеального (ожидаемого) и реального (воспринимаемого) мультикультурализма и исследуется их связь с аккультурационными предпочтениями и психологическим благополучием представителей этнического меньшинства и большинства. Исследование проведено на представителях русского этнического меньшинства ( N = 746) и этнического большинства ( N = 754) Казахстана, Кыргызстана и Эстонии. Общий объем выборки составил 1500 респондентов. Методологию исследования составили прескриптивная и дескриптивная версии шкалы мультикультурной идеологии, шкалы для измерения аккультурационных стратегий этнического меньшинства и аккультурационных ожиданий этнического большинства, а также шкалы для измерения уровня удовлетворенности жизнью и самоуважения. В результате анализа выяснилось, что универсальной основой удовлетворенности жизнью представителей русского этнического меньшинства и этнического большинства всех исследуемых постсоветских стран является реальный (воспринимаемый) мультикультурализм, а не абстрактные установки в отношении принятия мультикультурной идеологии. Более того, реальный, воспринимаемый русскими, мультикультрализм проявил себя и как универсальная основа выбора ими стратегии интеграции. У представителей этнического большинства реальный, воспринимаемый ими, мультикультурализм проявил себя основой интеграции или ассимиляции русских в зависимости от контекста. У казахов и киргизов он лег в основу интеграции русских, тогда как у эстонцев - в основу ассимиляции русских. Эти и другие результаты исследования обсуждаются через призму социокультурных контекстов Казахстана, Кыргызстана и Эстонии, а также через призму принципиальных различий между идеальным и реальным мультикультурализмом. Завершается статья объяснением практической ценности тестируемой модели для диагностики межкультурных отношений в поликультурных обществах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multicultural ideology</kwd><kwd>multiculturalism</kwd><kwd>ideal (expected) multiculturalism</kwd><kwd>real (perceived) multiculturalism</kwd><kwd>acculturation strategies</kwd><kwd>acculturation expectations</kwd><kwd>psychological well-being</kwd><kwd>life satisfaction</kwd><kwd>self-esteem</kwd><kwd>Post-Soviet countries</kwd><kwd>ethnic majority</kwd><kwd>ethnic minority</kwd><kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd><kwd>Kyrgyzstan</kwd><kwd>Estonia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мультикультурная идеология</kwd><kwd>идеальный (ожидаемый) мультикультурализм</kwd><kwd>реальный (воспринимаемый) мультикультурализм</kwd><kwd>аккультурационные стратегии</kwd><kwd>аккультурационные ожидания</kwd><kwd>психологическое благополучие</kwd><kwd>удовлетворенность жизнью</kwd><kwd>самоуважение</kwd><kwd>постсоветские страны</kwd><kwd>этническое большинство</kwd><kwd>этническое меньшинство</kwd><kwd>Казахстан</kwd><kwd>Кыргызстан</kwd><kwd>Эстония</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 20-18-00268, https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-45015/</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 20-18-00268, https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-45015/</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badea, C. 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