RUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsRUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика2313-16832313-1705Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3696310.22363/2313-1683-2023-20-3-543-559BNLTMCDEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION: AGE SPECIFICS AND KEY FACTORSРАЗВИТИЕ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИИ: ВОЗРАСТНАЯ СПЕЦИФИКА И КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ФАКТОРЫResearch ArticleDevelopment of Executive Functions in Preschoolers with Different Sibling PositionsРазвитие регуляторных функций y дошкольников с различной сиблинговой позициейhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-40761047-2016AlmazovaOlga V.АлмазоваОльга Викторовна

Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of Developmental Psychology

кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры возрастной психологии

almaz.arg@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-11748886-1893MostinetsKsenia O.МостинецКсения Олеговна

postgraduate student, Department of Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

аспирант, кафедра психологии образования и педагогики

kseniamostinets@gmail.comLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова06122023203Phenomenology of Childhood in Contemporary Research ContextsФеноменология детства в современных исследовательских контекстах54355906122023Copyright ©; 2023, Almazova O.V., Mostinets K.O.Copyright ©; 2023, Алмазова О.В., Мостинец К.О.2023Almazova O.V., Mostinets K.O.Алмазова О.В., Мостинец К.О.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/36963

The development of the executive functions in older preschoolers largely determines their subsequent successful adaptation and schooling. The purpose of the research is to identify the developmental features of the executive functions in older preschoolers with different sibling positions. The relevance of the theme is due to the growing number of children with insufficient development of self-regulation. The study involved 393 preschoolers attending senior groups of kindergartens: 153 - single children in the family, 99 - oldest, 21 - middle, 110 - youngest children, 10 - twins). The levels of development of the participants’ executive functions were determined using three subtests of the neuropsychological complex NEPSY II (“Inhibition”, “Sentences Repetition” and “Memory for Design”) as well as the “Dimensional Change Card Sort” technique by F. Zelazo. It was revealed that auditory-speech memory is best developed in the oldest children in the family. The results obtained make it possible to suggest a different structure of connections between different components of executive functions in children with different sibling positions. The level and structure of the developed executive functions in the single and youngest children in the family are more similar to each other than in the oldest and single children or in the oldest and youngest ones.

Уровень развития регуляторных функций старших дошкольников во многом определяет успешность адаптации и обучения детей в школе. Исследование направлено на выявление особенностей развития регуляторных функций старших дошкольников с разными сиблинговыми позициями. Актуальность темы обусловлена растущим числом детей с недостаточным развитием произвольности. Выборку составили 393 дошкольника, посещавшие старшие группы детских садов: 153 ребенка - единственные в семье, 99 - старшие, 21 - средние, 110 - младшие, 10 - близнецы. Для определения уровня развития регуляторных функций дошкольников использовались три субтеста нейропсихологического комплекса NEPSY II («Торможение», «Повторение предложений» и «Память на конструирование») и методика «Сортировка карт по изменяемому признаку» Ф. Зелазо. Выявлено, что слухоречевая память лучше всего развита у старших детей в семье. Полученные результаты дают возможность говорить о разной структуре связей между разными компонентами регуляторных функций у детей с разными сиблинговыми позициями. Уровень и структура развития регуляторных функций у единственных и младших детей в семье больше похожи между собой, чем у старших и единственных и у старших и младших.

sibling positionpreschool ageexecutive functionsauditory-speech memoryсиблинговая позициядошкольный возрастрегуляторные функциислухоречевая памятьThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 23-78-30005.Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-78-30005.Adler, A. (1998). The education of children. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks Publ. (In Russ.)Адлер А. Воспитание детей. Взаимодействие полов. Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 1998. 448 с.Almazova, O.V. (2015). Attachment to the mother as a factor in the relationship of adult siblings (Ph.D. in Psychology Thesis). Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University. (In Russ.)Алмазова О.В. Привязанность к матери как фактор взаимоотношений взрослых сиблингов: дис. … канд. психол. наук. М.: МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 2015. 265 с.Almazova, O.V., & Burmenskaya, G.V. (2015). Attachment to mother as a factor in relationships among adult siblings. Voprosy Psychologii, (4), 15‒25. (In Russ.)Алмазова О.В., Бурменская Г.В. Взаимоотношения братьев и сестер и их связь с привязанностью к матери // Вопросы психологии. 2015. № 4. С. 15-25.Almazova, O.V., Buhalenkova, D.A., Veraksa, A.N., & Jakupova, V.A. (2019b). The development of self-regulation in preschoolers. 5–7 years. Toolkit. Moscow: Mozaika-Sintez Publ. (In Russ.)Алмазова О.В., Бухаленкова Д.А., Веракса А.Н. Диагностика уровня развития регуляторных функций в дошкольном возрасте // Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2019. Т. 16. № 2. С. 302-317. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2019-2-302-317Almazova, O.V., Bukhalenkova, D.A., & Veraksa, A.N. (2019a). Assessment of the level of development of executive functions in the senior preschool age. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 16(2), 302‒317. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2019-2-302-317Алмазова О.В., Бухаленкова Д.А., Веракса А.Н., Якупова В.А. Развитие саморегуляции у дошкольников. 5-7 лет.: методическое пособие. М.: Мозаика-Синтез, 2019. 48 с.Anastasi, A. (1956). Intelligence and family size. Psychological Bulletin, 53(3), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047353Веракса А.Н., Алмазова О.В., Бухаленкова Д.А. Диагностика регуляторных функций в дошкольном возрасте: батарея методик // Психологический журнал. 2020. Т. 41. № 6. С. 108-118. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920012593-8Barker, J.E., & Munakata, Y. (2015). Developing self‐directed executive functioning: Recent findings and future directions. Mind, Brain, and Education, 9(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12071Выготский Л.С. Собрание сочинений в 6 томах. Том 4. Детская психология. М.: Педагогика, 1984. 432 c.Bedford, V.H. (1996). Relationships between adult siblings. In A.E. Auhagan & M. von Salisch (Eds.), The Diversity of Human Relationships (pp. 120‒140). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511586552.007Думитрашку Т.А. Структура семьи и когнитивное развитие детей // Вопросы психологии. 1996. № 2. С. 104-112.Blair, C. (2002). School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.2.111Зырянова Н.М. Ранние сиблинговые исследования // Психологические исследования. 2008. Т. 1. № 2. C. 10. https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v1i2.1028Brody, G.H., & Neubaum-Carlan, E. (2002). Siblings and sibling relationships. In N.J. Salkind (Ed.), Child Development. Macmillan Psychology Reference Series (vol. 1, pp. 363‒365). New York: Macmillan Reference USA.Кениг К. Братья и сестры: почему я не хочу брата... Калуга: Духовное познание, 2002. 118 с.Brody, G.H., Kim, S., Murry, V.M., & Brown, A.C. (2003). Longitudinal direct and indirect pathways linking older sibling competence to the development of younger sibling competence. Developmental Psychology, 39(3), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.618Кузьмина М. Сиблинги, или Каин и Авель в одной квартире // Школьный психолог. 2000. № 17. URL: https://psy.1sept.ru/article.php?ID=200001710 (дата обращения: 12.04.2023).Brussoni, M.J. (2000). We are family: Sibling attachment relationships among young adult (Ph.D in Psychology Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0089748Лисина М.И. Формирование личности ребенка в общении. СПб.: Питер, 2009. 318 с.Chertkova, Yu.D., & Kalenova, N.V. (2009). The conception of differences between elder and younger siblings. Psychological Studies, 2(6), 2. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v2i6.965Лукьянченко Н.В. Социально-психологические особенности сиблинговых отношений как значимый фактор становления и жизненного пути зрелой личности // Психологическая наука и образование. 2010. Т. 15. № 1. С. 31-40.Cicirelli, V.G. (1995). Sibling relationships across the life span. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6509-0Руфо М. Братья и сестры, болезнь любви: дети в семье - сложности роста. Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2006. 288 c.Cole, A., & Kerns, K.A. (2001). Perceptions of sibling qualities and activities of early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021002004Смирнова Е.О. К проблеме воли и произвольности в культурно-исторической психологии // Культурно-историческая психология. 2015. Т. 11. № 3. С. 9-15. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2015110302Connidis, I.A. (1992). Life transitions and the adult sibling tie: A qualitative study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(4), 972–982. https://doi.org/10.2307/353176Смирнова Е.О., Утробина В.Г. Развитие отношения к сверстнику в дошкольном возрасте // Вопросы психологии. 1996. № 3. С. 5-14.Desautels, M. (2008) Sibling relationships (Doctor of Clinical Psychology Thesis). Birmingham: University of Birmingham.Хоментаускас Г.Т. Семья глазами ребенка: дети и психологические проблемы в семье. Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2006. 186 c.Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750Черткова Ю.Д., Каленова Н.В. Представления о различиях между старшими и младшими сиблингами // Психологические исследования. 2009. Т. 2. № 4 (6). С. 2. https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v2i6.965Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529Эльконин Д.Б. Детская психология. М.: Академия, 2011. 384 с.Dumitrashku, T.A. (1996). Family structure and children's cognitive development. Voprosy Psychologii, (2), 104‒112. (In Russ.)Anastasi A. Intelligence and family size // Psychological Bulletin. 1956. Vol. 53. No. 3. Pp. 187-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047353Dunn, J. (1996). Siblings: The first society. In N. Vanzetti & S. Duck (Eds.), A lifetime of relationships (pp. 105–124). Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.Barker J.E., Munakata Y. Developing self-directed executive functioning: recent findings and future directions // Mind, Brain, and Education. 2015. Vol. 9. No. 2. Pp. 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12071Fortuna, K., Roisman, G.I., Haydon, K.C., Groh, A.M., & Holland, A.S. (2011). Attachment states of mind and the quality of young adults' sibling relationships. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024393Bedford V.H. Relationships between adult siblings // The Diversity of Human Relationships / ed. by A.E. Auhagan, M. von Salisch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511586552.007Homentauskas, G.T. (2006). Family through the eyes of a child: Children and psychological problems in the family. Yekaterinburg: U-Faktorija Publ. (In Russ.)Blair C. School readiness: integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children’s functioning at school entry // American Psychologist. 2002. Vol. 57. No. 2. Pp. 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.2.111Jelkonin, D.B. (2011). Child psychology. Moscow: Akademija Publ. (In Russ.)Brody G.H., Kim S., Murry V.M., Brown A.C. Longitudinal direct and indirect pathways linking older sibling competence to the development of younger sibling competence // Developmental Psychology. 2003. Vol. 39. No. 3. Pp. 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.618Kang, Н. (2002). The nature of adult sibling relationship: Literature review. Urbana, IL: Children and Family Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.Brody G.H., Neubaum-Carlan E. Siblings and sibling relationships // Child Development. Macmillan Psychology Reference Series / ed. by N.J. Salkind. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. Vol. 1. Pp. 363-365.Karabanova, O.A. (2008). Psychology of family relations and the basics of family counseling. Moscow: Gardariki Publ. (In Russ.)Brussoni M.J. We are family: sibling attachment relationships among young adult (Ph.D in Psychology Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia, 2000. 146 p. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0089748König, K. (2002). Brothers and sisters: The order of birth in the family. Kaluga: Duhovnoe Poznanie Publ. (In Russ.)Cicirelli V.G. Sibling relationships across the life span. Boston, MA: Springer, 1995. 255 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6509-0Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (2007). NEPSY II: Administrative manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Psychological Corporation.Cole A., Kerns K.A. Perceptions of sibling qualities and activities of early adolescents // The Journal of Early Adolescence. 2001. Vol. 21. No. 2. Pp. 204-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021002004Kuzmina, M. (2000). Siblings, or Cain and Abel in the same apartment. Shkol'nyj Psiholog, (17). (In Russ.) Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://psy.1sept.ru/article.php?ID=200001710Connidis I.A. Life transitions and the adult sibling tie: a qualitative study // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1992. Vol. 54. No. 4. Pp. 972-982. https://doi.org/10.2307/353176Lehto, J.E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164627Desautels M. Sibling relationships (Doctor of Clinical Psychology Thesis). Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2008. 74 p.Lisina, M.I. (2009). Formation of the personality of the child in communication. St. Petersburg: Piter Publ. (In Russ.)Diamond A. Executive functions // Annual Review of Psychology. 2013. Vol. 64. No. 1. Pp. 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750Lukyanchenko, N.V. (2010). Socio-psychological characteristics of sibling relationships as a significant formation and course of life factor in the mature personality. Psychological Science and Education, 15(1), 31‒40. (In Russ.)Diamond A., Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old // Science. 2011. Vol. 333. No. 6045. Pp. 959-964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T.D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Dunn J. Siblings: the first society // A lifetime of relationships / ed. by N. Vanzetti, S. Duck. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1996. Pp. 105-124.Neale, C.W. (2003). Perceived sibling compatibility and the effects of personality (MS in Child and Family Development Thesis). Athens, GA: University of Georgia.Fortuna K., Roisman G.I., Haydon K.C., Groh A.M., Holland A.S. Attachment states of mind and the quality of young adults` sibling relationships // Developmental Psychology. 2011. Vol. 47. No. 5. Pp. 1366-1373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024393Rufo, M. (2006). Brothers and sisters, the disease of love: Children in the family ‒ growing difficulties. Yekaterinburg: U-Faktorija Publ. (In Russ.)Kang Н. The nature of adult sibling relationship: literature review. Urbana, IL: Children and Family Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2002. 12 p.Smirnova, E.O. (2015). On the problem of will and self-regulation in culturalhistorical psychology. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 11(3), 9–15. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2015110302Korkman M., Kirk U., Kemp S. NEPSY II. Administrative manual. (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Psychological Corporation, 2007.Smirnova, E.O., & Utrobina, V.G. (1996). On the problem of will and self-regulation in cultural historical psychology. Voprosy Psychologii, (3), 5‒14. (In Russ.)Lehto J.E., Juujärvi P., Kooista L., Pulkkinen L. Dimensions of executive functioning: evidence from children // British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2003. Vol. 21. No. 1. Pp. 59-80. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164627Solovieva, Yu., & Quintanar, L. (2015). Qualitative syndrome analysis by neuropsychological assessment in preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 8(3), 112‒124. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2015.0309Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis // Cognitive Psychology. 2000. Vol. 41. No. 1. Pp. 49-100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Sulloway, F.J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon Books.Neale C.W. Perceived sibling compatibility and the effects of personality (MS in Child and Family Development Thesis). Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 2003. 68 p.Teti, D.M. (2001). Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of sibling relationships. In J.P. McHale & W.S. Grolnick (Eds.), Retrospect and Prospect in the Psychological Study of Families (pp. 213–244). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604637-15Solovieva Yu., Quintanar L. Qualitative syndrome analysis by neuropsychological assessment in preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity // Psychology in Russia: State of the Art. 2015. Vol. 8. No. 3. Pp. 112-124. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2015.0309Veraksa, A., Almazova, O., Bukhalenkova, D., Bayanova, L., & Popova, R. (2018). Features of executive functions development in Moscow and Kazan preschoolers. In S. Sheridan & N. Veraksa (Eds.), Early Childhood Care and Education. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (vol. 43, pp. 648‒658). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.07.86Sulloway F.J. Born to rebel: birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996. 672 p.Veraksa, A.N., Almazova, O.V., & Bukhalenkova, D.A. (2020). Executive functions assessment in senior preschool age: A battery of methods. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 41(6), 108‒118. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920012593-8Teti D.M. Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of sibling relationships // Retrospect and Prospect in the Psychological Study of Families / ed. by J.P. McHale, W.S. Grolnick. New York: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 213-244. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604637-15Visu-Petra, L., Cheie, L., Benga, O., & Miclea, M. (2012). The structure of executive functions in preschoolers: An investigation using the NEPSY battery. Procedia ‒ Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 627–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.197Veraksa A., Almazova O., Bukhalenkova D., Bayanova L., Popova R. Features of executive functions development in Moscow and Kazan preschoolers // Early Childhood Care and Education. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences / ed. by S. Sheridan, N. Veraksa. Future Academy, 2018. Vol 43. Pp. 648-658. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.07.86Voorpostel, M., & van der Lippe, T. (2007). Support between siblings and between friends: Two worlds apart? Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(5), 1271–1282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00446.xVisu-Petra L., Cheie L., Benga O., Miclea M. The structure of executive functions in preschoolers: an investigation using the NEPSY battery // Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012. Vol. 33. Pp. 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.197Vygotskij, L.S. (1984). The collected works. Vol. 4. Child psychology. Moscow: Pedagogika Publ. (In Russ.)Voorpostel M., van der Lippe T. Support between siblings and between friends: two worlds apart? // Journal of Marriage and Family. 2007. Vol. 69. No. 5. Pp. 1271-1282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00446.xWalker, A.J., Allen, K.R., & Connidis, I.A. (2005). Theorizing and studying sibling ties in adulthood. In V.L. Bengtson, A.C. Acock, K.R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson & D.M. Klein, (Eds.), Sourcebook of Family Theory and Research (pp. 166‒190). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412990172.d36Walker A.J., Allen K.R., Connidis I.A. Theorizing and studying sibling ties in adulthood // Sourcebook of family theory and research / ed. by V.L. Bengtson, A.C. Acock, K.R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson, D.M. Klein. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2005. Pp. 166-190. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412990172.d36White, L.K., & Riedmann, A. (1992). When the Brady Bunch grows up: Step/halfand full sibling relationships in adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(1), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.2307/353287White L.K., Riedmann A. When the Brady Bunch grows up: step/halfand full sibling relationships in adulthood // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1992. Vol. 54. No. 1. Pp. 197-208. https://doi.org/10.2307/353287Willoughby, M.T., Kupersmidt, J.B., & Voegler-Lee, M.E. (2012). Is preschool executive function causally related to academic achievement? Child Neuropsychology, 18(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.578572Willoughby M.T., Kupersmidt J.B., Voegler-Lee M.E. Is preschool executive function causally related to academic achievement? // Child Neuropsychology. 2012. Vol. 18. No. 1. Рp. 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.578572Yeniad, N., Malda, M., Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Pieper, S. (2013). Shifting ability predicts math and reading performance in children: A meta-analytical study. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004Yeniad N., Malda M., Mesman J., van IJzendoorn M.H., Pieper S. Shifting ability predicts math and reading performance in children: a meta-analytical study // Learning and Individual Differences. 2013. Vol. 23. Pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004Zelazo, P.D. (2006). The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): A method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1(1), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.46Zelazo P.D. The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children // National Protocols. 2006. Vol. 1. No. 1. Pp. 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.46Zyrianova, N.M. (2008). Early sibling investigations. Psychological Studies, 1(2), 10. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v1i2.1028