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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27591</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-3-475-488</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PERSONALITY AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE INTERCULTURAL DIMENSION: METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛИЧНОСТЬ И МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОМ ИЗМЕРЕНИИ: МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Focus Groups as a Questionnaire Pretest for Surveys in Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Comparative Research</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метод фокус-групп как претест анкеты для проведения опросов в кросс-культурных и межстрановых сравнительных исследованиях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4511-7942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>Dmitry Sergeevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, is Research Fellow, Center for Sociocultural Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, научный сотрудник Центра социокультурных исследований</p></bio><email>dgrigoryev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-10-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 18, NO3 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 18, №3 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>475</fpage><lpage>488</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-04"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Grigoryev D.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Григорьев Д.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigoryev D.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Д.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/27591">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/27591</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">As a research method, focus groups have methodological advantages for understanding the views and behavior of group members or for understanding the social system as a whole, since it covers the interaction between people, groups, and the interpersonal environment quite well that widely recognized in the social sciences. These advantages are introduced in the context of mixed-methods, including conducting a survey together with focus groups as a pretest questionnaire in a comparative perspective in cross-national and cross-culture research. Focus groups provide to reach construct equivalence and elaborate an appropriate context-oriented language for questionnaire questions. Using the focus groups in this way can be an effective approach to overcoming the initial limited ability of surveys to valid measure more complex socially constructed concepts, the meaning of which can vary significantly from one group to another, especially from a comparative perspective in cross-national and cross-culture research. Using focus groups, data is collected in a more “natural” way, that is, more close to the real world, while the generalization is ensured by a detailed description of specific conditions, participants, and research environment. In addition, the discussion group is a miniature thinking society, and unlike dyadic interviews or surveys, focus group discussions give participants the opportunity to express their opinions, discuss their views and opinions with other participants, listen to other people’s opinions, disagree or to develop thoughts by reasoning out loud - this is similar to what happens in real life. This increased awareness about the described advantages of the approach for cross-cultural and cross-national comparative research likely contributes to its more active employ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В понимании взглядов и поведения членов группы или социальной системы в целом фокус-группы как метод исследования обладают несомненными преимуществами, получившими широкое признание в социальных науках. Этот метод достаточно хорошо «схватывает» взаимодействие между людьми, группами и межличностным окружением. Данные преимущества рассматриваются в ключе смешанной методологии, включающей проведение опроса с использованием фокус-групп в качестве претеста анкеты в сравнительной перспективе в межстрановых и кросс-культурных исследованиях. В этом контексте фокус-группы помогают установить конструктную эквивалентность и разработать соответствующий контекстно-ориентированный язык для вопросов анкеты. Такое использование метода фокус-групп позволяет преодолеть ограниченную способность опросов достоверно измерять более сложные социально сконструированные понятия, само значение которых может значительно варьироваться от одной группы к другой, особенно в сравнительной перспективе в межстрановых и кросс-культурных исследованиях. С помощью фокус-групп данные собираются более «естественным», приближенным к реальному миру способом, в то время как обобщаемость обеспечивается путем подробного описания конкретных условий, участников и среды исследования. Кроме того, дискуссионная группа - это мыслящее общество в миниатюре, и, в отличие от диадических интервью или опросов, обсуждения в фокус-группах дают участникам возможность высказать свое мнение, обсудить его с другими участниками, выслушать мнения других людей, согласиться или не согласиться с ними, развить свои мысли, рассуждая вслух. Это похоже на то, что происходит в реальной жизни. Предполагается, что более широкое информирование об описанных преимуществах данного подхода для кросс-культурных и межстрановых сравнительных исследований будет способствовать его более активному применению.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>focus groups</kwd><kwd>survey methods</kwd><kwd>questionnaire design</kwd><kwd>pretest</kwd><kwd>construct equivalence</kwd><kwd>social construct</kwd><kwd>cross-cultural research</kwd><kwd>cross-national comparative research</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фокус-группы</kwd><kwd>опросные методы</kwd><kwd>составление анкеты</kwd><kwd>претест</kwd><kwd>конструктная эквивалентность</kwd><kwd>социальный конструкт</kwd><kwd>кросс-культурные исследования</kwd><kwd>межстрановые сравнительные исследования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albrecht, T.L., Johnson, G.M., &amp; Walther, J.B. 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