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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20376</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2018-15-4-488-499</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОГНИТИВНАЯ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Interference in Working Memory is not Displacement nor Competition - It is Limited Destruction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизм разрушения как причина интерференции в рабочей памяти</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershova</surname><given-names>Regina V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершова</surname><given-names>Регина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">Doctor Sc. of Psychology, Full Professor, Professor of Department of Psychology of State University of Humanities and Social Studies (Kolomna, Russia)</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор психологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры психологии Государственного социально-гуманитарного университета (Коломна, Россия)</bio><email>erchovareg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarnow</surname><given-names>Eugen</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарноу</surname><given-names>Юджин</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">Ph.D. in Physics, Data Scientist &amp; Director of Consulting, Avalon Business Systems, Inc (New York, USA).</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">Ph.D., независимый исследователь, директор по консалтингу Авалон Бизнес Системс, Инк. (Нью-Йорк, США).</bio><email>ETarnow@avabiz.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State University of Humanities and Social Studies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный социально-гуманитарный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avalon Business Systems, Inc</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Авалон Бизнес Системс, Инк</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 15, NO4 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 15, №4 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>488</fpage><lpage>499</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Ershova R.V., Tarnow E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Ершова Р.В., Тарноу Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ershova R.V., Tarnow E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ершова Р.В., Тарноу Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/20376">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/20376</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">Free recall of 499 Russian college students was measured using the Tarnow Unchunkable Test (Tarnow, 2014) consisting of sets of 3 and 4 double digit items. Most students can remember 3 items but not 4 items and when the 4th item is added the total recall decreases (Ershova &amp; Tarnow, 2016a). Here we describe the interference that results when adding the fourth item. First, we find that interference affects the items differently, evidence that working memory does not consist of identical “slots”; primacy is found to be an important stabilizer. We model the four item experiment as a superposition of the three item result and a perfectly recalled 1st or 4th item and find that the 4th position is affected 2.5 times as much as is the 1st position. Second, contrary to the displacement/competition theory, recall correlations of the added item with the old items (apparently reported for the first time in a free recall experiment) are typically positive. Third these correlations decay exponentially with item-item presentation distance and are symmetric with respect to time reversal. Small negative recall correlations only appear for subjects with the smallest working memory capacities. Third, also contrary to displacement/competition theory, the fourth item is the least likely to be recalled, thus there is not much need for it to displace the other items. This creates a paradox: while displaying the N+1 item decreases the probability of recall of the N items, actually recalling the N+1 item is positively correlated with recalling the other N items: the N+1 item destroys some of the underlying memory system and then functions as a gauge of its own destruction.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Свободное припоминание 499 российских студентов было измерено с использованием Tarnow Unchunkable Test, состоящего из наборов из 3 и 4 двузначных чисел. Большинство студентов могут воспроизвести 3 числа, при добавлении 4-го числа количество припоминаемых элементов снижается. В статье описываются помехи воспроизведения, которые возни- кают при добавлении в запоминаемый ряд четвертого элемента. Было обнаружено, что интерференция влияет на предъявляемые к запоминанию элементы по-разному, это означает, что рабочая память не состоит из одинаковых «слотов». Эффект порядка предъявления выступает важным фактором при припоминании. В рамках экспериментальных проб (при добавлении в пробы четвертого элемента как суперпозиции к трехэлементным пробам) было доказано, что число, предъявляемое на четвертой позиции, в 2,5 раза чаще затрагивается интерференцией, чем число, стоящее на первом месте в предъявляемом ряду. Вопреки теории замещения/конкуренции ответов (отзывов), корреляции добавленного и ранее предъявленных элементов являются не отрицательными, а положительными. Причем эти корреляции экспоненциально убывают в зависимости от позиции элемента в пробе и являются симметричными относительно времени предъявления. Слабые отрицательные корреляции отзыва обнаружены только у лиц с наименьшим объемом рабочей памяти. Несмотря на теорию смещения/конкуренции ответов, четвертый элемент наименее вероятен для припоминания, поэтому вероятность того, что он вытеснит ранее предъявленные элементы крайне мала. Таким образом, на лицо парадокс: добавление элемента N+1 снижает вероятность припоминания N элементов, в то же время возможность припоминания элемента N+1 положительно коррелирует с припоминанием других N элементов. Это означает, что элемент N+1 разрушает часть предшествующих элементов памяти и далее выступает как причина собственного разрушения.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interference</kwd><kwd>working memory</kwd><kwd>item-item correlations</kwd><kwd>serial position effect</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интерференция</kwd><kwd>рабочая память</kwd><kwd>корреляции элементов</kwd><kwd>эффект порядка предъявления</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alvarez, G. A., &amp; Cavanagh, P. (2004). The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects. Psychological science, 15(2), 106-111. doi: 10.111/j.09637214.2004.01502006.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. 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