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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1683</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1705</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16587</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1683-2017-14-3-273-281</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ECT DAMAGE INDICATES STM DIVIDED INTO STM CONTROL &amp; LTM TRACES: NEUROLOGICAL DEFINITION OF “CONFUSION”</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ЭЛЕКТРОСУДОРОЖНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ ДВУХ ЭТАПОВ ВОСПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ ИЗ КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПАМЯТИ: НЕВРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarnow</surname><given-names>Eugen</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарноу</surname><given-names>Юджин</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">Ph.D., Data Scientist, Director of Consulting Avalon Business Systems (New York, USA).</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">Ph.D., независимый исследователь, директор, Авалон Бизнес Системс, Инк (Нью-Йорк, США).</bio><email>etarnow@avabiz.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avalon Business Systems, Inc</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Авалон Бизнес Системс, Инк</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 14, NO3 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 14, №3 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>273</fpage><lpage>281</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Tarnow E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Тарноу Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tarnow E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тарноу Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/16587">https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/16587</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">Recently it was shown that short term memory (STM) free recall consists of two stages: the first few recalls empty working memory and a second stage, a reactivation stage, concludes the recall (Tarnow, 2015; for a review of the theoretical predictions see Murdock, 1974). Bayley et al (2000) investigated free recall in people who had undergone Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and found that both recency and primacy effects were normal. Here I investigate this further, and argue that this finding suggests a division of STM between STM Control and long term memory (LTM) traces and that STM Control is not effected by ECT.Serial position probabilities from an investigation of Bayley et al (2000) were used to compare 11 subjects with ECT treatments to a control group and to a group of Alzheimer’s subjects.The free recall probabilities are found to be separable into the serial position curves and the overall probability of recall. This suggests that STM is separable into an STM Control structure (the serial position curve responsible for working memory and reactivation functions) and LTM traces (the overall probability of recall).Using the ECT review of Abbott et al (2014a) showing excess activity in MTL and lacking activity in the frontal lobes I suggest that STM Control is overworked trying to establish stable patterns in LTM. It could be that the confusion resulting from ECT is due to the failure of this process, suggesting a neurological definition of confusion.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">В последнее время было показано, что свободное воспроизведение из кратковременной памяти (КП) состоит из двух этапов: первые несколько воспроизведений «опустошают» ра-бочую память, второй этап имеет характер реактивации [Tarnow, 2015; обзор теоретических предпосылок представлен Мердоком (1974)]. Бейли с соавт. (Bayley et al., 2000) исследовали свободное воспроизведение у людей, прошедших электросудорожную терапию (ЭСТ), и об-наружили, что эффекты и новизны, и первичности остались нормальными. В данной работе исследование было продолжено для проверки предположения о том, что воспроизведение из КП происходит под контролем КП и четко отделено от следов долговременной памяти, при этом ЕСТ не оказывает влияния на функции контроля КП.Данные из исследования Бейли с соавт. (Bayley et al., 2000) были использованы для срав-нения КП 11 пациентов, подвергавшихся ЭСТ, с контрольной группой (50 человек) и группой пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера (50 человек).Выявлены различия в вероятности свободного воспроизведения из КП и общей вероят-ности воспроизведения. Это подтверждает, что контроль КП (отвечающий за рабочую память и реактивацию) отделен от следов долговременной памяти (отвечает за общую вероятность воспроизведения информации).Опираясь на обзор Эббота с соавт. (Abbott et al., 2014a), показывающий избыточную актив-ность в височных долях мозга и отсутствие активности в лобных долях при ЭСТ, можно пред-положить, что контроль КП перегружен работой в процессе установки стабильных связей в долговременной памяти. Возможно, нарушения воспроизведения, возникающие в результате ЭСТ, связаны с ошибками в этом процессе, что указывает на неврологическую природу данных нарушений.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)</kwd><kwd>free recall</kwd><kwd>working memory</kwd><kwd>short term memory (STM)</kwd><kwd>long term memory (LTM)</kwd><kwd>serial position curve</kwd><kwd>neuroplasticity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электросудорожная терапия (ЭСТ)</kwd><kwd>свободное воспроизведение</kwd><kwd>рабочая память</kwd><kwd>кратковременная память (КП)</kwd><kwd>долговременная память</kwd><kwd>кривая воспроизведения</kwd><kwd>нейропластичность</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abbott, C.C., Gallegos, P., Rediske, N., Lemke, N.T., &amp; Quinn, D.K. (2014a). A review of longitudinal electroconvulsive therapy: neuroimaging investigations. 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